Cities of God: The Religion of the Italian Communes 1125-1325

 146 LaCitadeSancta seen in public. This was an occasion when other women, even the married, displayed their finery, at least i ...

OrderingFamilies,Neighborhoods,andCities 147  bride had come in procession, that of her spouse. Couples took vows in their temp ...

 148 LaCitadeSancta did include a nuptial Mass (Missa pro sponso et sponsa). This Mass inserted special prayers for the couple ...

OrderingFamilies,Neighborhoods,andCities 149  one could take part in processions, laity and clergy, men and women. A procession ...

 150 LaCitadeSancta bishop and his escort were the image of the Trinity. Like Christ, he was received by the Gentiles (the thre ...

OrderingFamilies,Neighborhoods,andCities 151  the cathedral chapter itself paid respect, coming in procession to honor the titu ...

 152 LaCitadeSancta above all the lesser processions were the two great processions of the spring- time. Unlike other processio ...

OrderingFamilies,Neighborhoods,andCities 153  priest of Sant’Alessandro had the privilege of carrying the casket with the bones ...

 154 LaCitadeSancta adapted to processional use by the laity. The cantors invoked each saint by name, and all answered with the ...

OrderingFamilies,Neighborhoods,andCities 155  routes carefully included all parts of the city. San Gimignano had its proces- si ...

 156 LaCitadeSancta facing each of the four points of the compass.^87 These texts were especially pregnant with sacred power, s ...

OrderingFamilies,Neighborhoods,andCities 157  to greet the bishop.^94 The Bolognese so welcomed Pope Gregory IX in 1227 and Pop ...

 158 LaCitadeSancta On 22 March 1291 , when his hometown of Parma welcomed back Ge- rardo Bianchi, now cardinal bishop of Santa ...

OrderingFamilies,Neighborhoods,andCities 159  the sight of the bishop, the enemy fled in terror. The army of Gubbio fell upon t ...

 160 LaCitadeSancta new image known today asMadonna del Votoreplaced it on the high altar. There it remained, far from popular ...

OrderingFamilies,Neighborhoods,andCities 161  preaching and the sacraments. The commune itself represented the priest Simeon an ...

 162 LaCitadeSancta had a practical element; the council members had to complete the election before the candles burned out.^12 ...

OrderingFamilies,Neighborhoods,andCities 163  Unlike processions, which always carried marks of their churchly origins because ...

 164 LaCitadeSancta The first up makes the first offering. This aspect of the cult may not actually be medieval, but it certain ...

OrderingFamilies,Neighborhoods,andCities 165  offering at feasts. Parma appointed an official votive-candle maker in each quart ...