Encyclopedia of Society and Culture in the Ancient World

gina. However, intellectual activity in such subjects increas- ingly centered on the explication of earlier works, and little ne ...

to throw pieces of cedarwood onto a bonfi re to ward off the lightning. Even though they could not have fully understood the phy ...

of these texts survived and are housed in museums in Paris, France; Dresden, Germany; and Madrid, Spain. While these texts, call ...

the customer’s dish is mounted, it has to be pointed at the satellite; otherwise, it fails to pick up the signal. But satellite ...

and roles; health and disease; inventions; language; literature; metallurgy; migration and population movements; military; minin ...

FURTHER READING Andis Caulins, Stars, Stones and Scholars: Th e Decipherment of the Megaliths as an Ancient Survey of the Earth ...

▶ seafaring and navigation introduction Seafaring has always been a dangerous business, and it was no less so in the ancient wor ...

handbooks known as periploi described landmarks to guide one along a coast. Th e periploi also gave information about the lands, ...

viewer would have required about a yard of room each, sug- gesting that the ships were at least 24 yards long and perhaps three ...

supplies available on a daily basis. Following the coastline and keeping in sight of land also helped with navigation. For examp ...

spars, or poles, from the sides of the craft to prevent the craft from capsizing. Carrying men, women, and probably chil- dren, ...

jects had to have been left there by seafarers from the main- land who had ventured out of sight of the Turkish or Syrian coast ...

Having an understanding of wind, currents, and tide was vital to maintain the correct course. For long-distance voy- ages, the G ...

heads found rooted into the hull may suggest that a ship had been attacked. Th e use of oars provided speed and fl exibility. Si ...

passengers or, as was more common, sold them into slavery. Indeed, until the middle of the fi rst century b.c.e., pirates were o ...

Asiatic migrants, testimony to the Native Americans’ ability to navigate and negotiate even unknown territories. Once in America ...

chaeologists learn about prehistoric ways of life by studying stone tools, artifacts, and middens (trash piles) that survive fro ...

the region surrounding Lake Chad, the ancestral lands of the modern Kanuri. Th e lower Niger River region was home to the Nok, a ...

became more “female” as the emphasis shift ed from hunting, the preserve of males, to social and family relationships com- bined ...

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