CIVIL ENGINEERING FORMULAS

322 CHAPTER TWELVE The pressure force Fdeveloped in hydraulic jump is (12.86) whered 1 depth before jump, ft (m) d 2 depth aft ...

HYDRAULICS AND WATERWORKS FORMULAS 323 NONUNIFORM FLOW IN OPEN CHANNELS Symbols used in this section are Vvelocity of flow in t ...

7 6 5 L d 2 4 3 Steady jump Undular jump Weak jump Oscillating jump Surface Wavy turbulence only Best performance Acceptable per ...

HYDRAULICS AND WATERWORKS FORMULAS 325 Nonuniform flow occurs in open channels with gradual or sudden changes in the cross-secti ...

326 CHAPTER TWELVE and the critical depth is (12.99) Then the discharge per foot (meter) of width is given by (12.100) Withg32. ...

HYDRAULICS AND WATERWORKS FORMULAS 327 or (12.107) Withg32.16, (12.108) Parabolic Channels These channels can be conveniently d ...

328 CHAPTER TWELVE Trapezoidal Channels Figure 12.22 shows a trapezoidal channel having a depth of Dcand a bottom widthb. The sl ...

HYDRAULICS AND WATERWORKS FORMULAS 329 (12.122) (12.123) Flow quantity is then given by (12.124) WEIRS A weir is a barrier in an ...

330 CHAPTER TWELVE Sharp-crested weirs are useful only as a means of measuring flowing water. In contrast, weirs not sharp crest ...

HYDRAULICS AND WATERWORKS FORMULAS 331 Trapezoidal (Cipolletti) Weir The Cipolletti weir, extensively used for irrigation work, ...

332 CHAPTER TWELVE PREDICTION OF SEDIMENT-DELIVERY RATE Two methods of approach are available for predicting the rate of sedimen ...

HYDRAULICS AND WATERWORKS FORMULAS 333 eaactual vapor pressure, in (mm), of mercury, in air based on monthly mean air temperatu ...

334 CHAPTER TWELVE whereKandbare dependent on the storm frequency and region of the United States (Fig. 12.26 and Table 12.4). T ...

HYDRAULICS AND WATERWORKS FORMULAS 335 Permeabilityindicates the ease with which water moves through a soil and determines wheth ...

336 CHAPTER TWELVE ECONOMICAL SIZING OF DISTRIBUTION PIPING An equation for the most economical pipe diameter for a distribution ...

HYDRAULICS AND WATERWORKS FORMULAS 337 whereQflow rate, ft^3 /s (m^3 /s) c empirical discharge coefficient dependent on throat ...

338 CHAPTER TWELVE PUMPS AND PUMPING SYSTEMS Civil engineers use centrifugal and other rotating pumps for a variety of tasks—wat ...

FIGURE 12.28 Definition sketch for the head on a pump. (Metcalf & Eddy—Wastewater Engineering: Collection and Pumping of Was ...

340 CHAPTER TWELVE Friction Head. The head of water that must be supplied to overcome the frictional loss caused by the flow of ...

HYDRAULICS AND WATERWORKS FORMULAS 341 where Httotal dynamic head, m (ft) Hd(HS)discharge (suction) head measured at discharge ...