CIVIL ENGINEERING FORMULAS

282 CHAPTER ELEVEN Figure 11.8 shows the use of curves in at-grade four-leg intersections of highways. Figure 11.9 shows the use ...

HIGHWAY AND ROAD FORMULAS 283 (a) (b) (c) FIGURE 11.8 Highway turning lanes: (a) Unchannelized; (b) channelized; (c) flared. (a) ...

284 CHAPTER ELEVEN TRANSITION (SPIRAL) CURVES On starting around a horizontal circular curve, a vehicle and its contents are imm ...

HIGHWAY AND ROAD FORMULAS 285 DESIGNING HIGHWAY CULVERTS A highway culvert is a pipelike drainage facility that allows water to ...

286 CHAPTER ELEVEN Conduit deflectionis given by the Iowa formula. This formula gives the rel- ative influence on the deflection ...

HIGHWAY AND ROAD FORMULAS 287 than one pipe diameter, the total load TL is assumed to act on the pipe, and TLPv; that is, (11.3 ...

288 CHAPTER ELEVEN carried by the steel. The ring compression is an axial load acting tangentially to the conduit wall (Fig. 11. ...

HIGHWAY AND ROAD FORMULAS 289 A safety factor of 2 is applied to the ultimate wall stress to obtain the design stressFc, ksi (MP ...

290 CHAPTER ELEVEN Check Bolted Seams Standard factory-made pipe seams are satisfactory for all designs within the maximum allow ...

CHAPTER 12 291 HYDRAULICS AND WATERWORKS FORMULAS To simplify using the formulas in this chapter, Table 12.1 presents symbols, n ...

292 TABLE 12.1 Symbols, Terminology, Dimensions, and Units Used in Water Engineering Symbol Terminology Dimensions USCS units SI ...

293 w Specific weight F/L^3 lb/ft^3 kg/m^3 y Depth in open channel, distance from solid boundary L ft m Z Height above datum L f ...

294 CHAPTER TWELVE ratio of the tangential shearing stresses between flow layers to the rate of change of velocity with depth: ( ...

HYDRAULICS AND WATERWORKS FORMULAS 295 PRESSURE ON SUBMERGED CURVED SURFACES The hydrostatic pressure on a submerged curved surf ...

296 CHAPTER TWELVE FUNDAMENTALS OF FLUID FLOW For fluid energy, the law of conservation of energy is represented by the Bernoull ...

HYDRAULICS AND WATERWORKS FORMULAS 297 section, however, varies with velocity. Usually, Zp/wat the midpoint and the average vel ...

298 CHAPTER TWELVE Similar equations may be written for the YandZdirections. The impulse– momentum equation often is used in con ...

HYDRAULICS AND WATERWORKS FORMULAS 299 whereFFroude number (dimensionless) Vvelocity of fluid, ft/s (m/s) Llinear dimension ( ...

300 CHAPTER TWELVE For true models, Sr1,RrLr. Hence, (12.15) In models of rivers and channels, it is necessary for the flow to ...

HYDRAULICS AND WATERWORKS FORMULAS 301 whereVfluid velocity, ft/s (m/s) Dpipe diameter, ft (m) density of fluid, lbs^2 /ft^ ...