The Foundations of Chemistry

gas at a very low pressure. When a high voltage is applied, current flows and rays are given off by the cathode (negative electr ...

out to be integral multiples of the same number. He assumed that this smallest charge was the charge on one electron. This value ...

RUTHERFORD AND THE NUCLEAR ATOM By the early 1900s, it was clear that each atom contains regions of both positive and nega- tive ...

deflected through large angles, and a very few -particles even returned from the gold foil in the direction from which they had ...

Metal + anode (target) X-rays e– ATOMIC NUMBER Only a few years after Rutherford’s scattering experiments, H. G. J. Moseley ...

one proton, every helium atom contains two protons, and every lithium atom contains three protons. The number of protons in the ...

Isotopes are atoms of the same element with different masses; they are atoms containing the same number of protons but different ...

Solution (a) For^3517 Cl: Atomic number17. There are therefore 17 protons per nucleus. Mass number35. There are therefore 35 p ...

22 10 Ne. In Figure 5-9 we see that the isotope 20 10 Ne, mass 19.99244 amu, is the most abun- dant isotope (has the tallest pea ...

188 CHAPTER 5: The Structure of Atoms CC The Development of Science HEMISTRY IN USE Stable Isotope Ratio Analysis Many elements ...

5-8 Mass Spectrometry and Isotopic Abundance 189 also have a similar carbon isotope ratio. Suppose now that an animal, say a rab ...

The distribution of isotopic masses, although nearly constant, does vary somewhat depending on the source of the element. For ex ...

THE ATOMIC WEIGHT SCALE AND ATOMIC WEIGHTS We said in Section 2-5 that the atomic weight scaleis based on the mass of the carbon ...

Isotope % Abundance Mass (amu) 24 12 Mg 78.99 23.98504 (^2512) Mg 10.00 24.98584 26 12 Mg 11.01 25.98259 Plan We multiply the fr ...

EXAMPLE 5-3 Calculation of Isotopic Abundance The atomic weight of gallium is 69.72 amu. The masses of the naturally occurring i ...

Let us use a familiar kind of wave, that on the surface of water (Figure 5-11), to illustrate these terms. The significant featu ...

Sir Isaac Newton, one of the giants of science. You probably know of him from his theory of gravitation. In addition, he made en ...

EXAMPLE 5-4 Wavelength of Light Light near the middle of the ultraviolet region of the electromagnetic radiation spectrum has a ...

51.9 A photon of light near the middle of the ultraviolet region is more than 51 times more ener- getic than a photon of light ...

ATOMIC SPECTRA AND THE BOHR ATOM Incandescent (“red hot” or “white hot”) solids, liquids, and high-pressure gases give contin- u ...