The Foundations of Chemistry
Significant Figures There are two kinds of numbers. Numbers obtained by counting or from definitions areexact numbers.They are k ...
Numbers obtained from measurementsare not exact. Every measurement involves an es- timate. For example, suppose you are asked to ...
Burets are used to measure volumes of liquids when higher accuracy is required. The calibration lines on a 50-mL buret represent ...
For example, the quantity 24,300 km could represent three, four, or five significant fig- ures. We are given insufficient inform ...
EXAMPLE 1-2 Significant Figures (Multiplication) What is the area of a rectangle 1.23 cm wide and 12.34 cm long? Plan The area o ...
THE UNIT FACTOR METHOD (DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS) Many chemical and physical processes can be described by numerical relationships. ...
EXAMPLE 1-3 Unit Factors Express 1.47 mi in inches. Plan First we write down the units of what we wish to know, preceded by a qu ...
Plan We use the equalities 1 Å 1 10 ^10 m, 1 cm 1 10 ^2 m, and 1 nm 1 10 ^9 m to construct the unit factors that con ...
Suppose we start with the equality 1 in.2.54 cm We can perform the same operation on both sides of the equation. Let’s cube bot ...
We relate (a) gallons to quarts, then (b) quarts to liters, and then (c) liters to milliliters. 30 CHAPTER 1: The Foundations of ...
EXAMPLE 1-10 Percentage U.S. pennies made since 1982 consist of 97.6% zinc and 2.4% copper. The mass of a partic- ular penny is ...
EXAMPLE 1-12 Density, Mass, Volume If 116 g of ethanol is needed for a chemical reaction, what volume of liquid would you use? P ...
Solution __? 13.59 3 3 848.4 lb/ft^3 It would take a very strong person to lift a cubic foot of mercury! The specifi ...
This example also demonstrates that the density and specific gravity of a substance are numerically equal near room temperature ...
(capillary) column extending upward. Mercury expands more than most other liquids as its temperature rises. As it expands, its m ...
In the SI system, “degrees Kelvin” are abbreviated simply as K rather than °K and are called kelvins. Any temperature changehas ...
HEAT TRANSFER AND THE MEASUREMENT OF HEAT Chemical reactions and physical changes occur with either the simultaneous evolution o ...
By the unit factor approach, Amount of heat(205 g) (70.2°C) 6.02 104 J or 60.2 kJ All units except joules cancel. To cool 2 ...
Number of joules gained by water(247 g)4.18 (10.9°C) Let xspecific heat of iron Number of joules lost by iron(385 g)x (65 ...
Solution The specific heats obtained from Appendix E are as follows: Sp. Ht. Substance g J °C H 2 O() 4.18 Hg() 0.138 C ...
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