The Foundations of Chemistry
Hydrogen halides can be prepared by combination of the elements. H 2 X 2 88n2HX(g) XF, Cl, Br, I The reaction with F 2 to prod ...
(HF) 2 (aq)H 2 O() 34 H 3 O(aq)HF 2 (aq) K 5 The order of increasing acid strengths of the aqueous hydrohalic acids is: HF ...
X 2 2NaOH88n NaX NaOX H 2 O (XCl, Br, I) sodium halide sodium hypohalite The hypohalites are used as bleaching agents. Some ...
more of these dorbitals can accommodate additional electrons to form up to six bonds. Thus each of the Group VIA elements except ...
Selenium Selenium is quite rare (9 10 ^6 % of the earth’s crust). It occurs mainly as an impurity in sulfur, sulfide, and sulf ...
HYDRIDES OF GROUP VIA ELEMENTS All the Group VIA elements form covalent compounds of the type H 2 E (EO, S, Se, Te, Po) in whic ...
combines with SO 2 to form calcium sulfite (CaSO 3 ), an ionic solid, which is collected and disposed of as solid waste heat CaC ...
OXOACIDS OF SULFUR Sulfurous Acid, H 2 SO 3 Sulfur dioxide readily dissolves in water to produce solutions of sulfurous acid, H ...
NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS The Group VA elements provide a dramatic illustration of the vertical trends in metallic properties. In ...
OCCURRENCE OF NITROGEN Nitrogen, N 2 , is a colorless, odorless, tasteless gas that makes up about 75% by mass and 78% by volume ...
The extreme abundance of N 2 in the atmosphere and the low relative abundance of nitrogen compounds elsewhere are due to the che ...
organic groups (Sections 18-4 and 27-12). All involve sp^3 -hybridized N. All are weak bases because of the unshared pair of ele ...
NO is a colorless gas that condenses at 152°C to a blue liquid. Gaseous NO is para- magnetic and contains one unpaired electron ...
962 CHAPTER 24: Some Nonmetals and Metalloids CC The Environment HEMISTRY IN USE Nitrogen Oxides and Photochemical Smog Nitrogen ...
SOME OXOACIDS OF NITROGEN AND THEIR SALTS The main oxoacids of nitrogen are nitrous acid, HNO 2 , and nitric acid, HNO 3. Nitrou ...
NaNO 2 and NaNO 3 as Food Additives The brown color of “old” meat is the result of oxidation of blood and is objectionable to ma ...
heat 2Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2 6SiO 2 10C888n 6CaSiO 3 10COP 4 calcium phosphate calcium silicate (phosphate rock) (slag) Vaporized ph ...
SILICON AND THE SILICATES Elemental silicon is usually prepared by the high-temperature reduction of silica (sand) with coke. Ex ...
has no regular structure, it does not break evenly along crystal planes, but breaks to form rounded surfaces and jagged edges. T ...
968 CHAPTER 24: Some Nonmetals and Metalloids the usual oxidation state of the halogens in binary com- pounds with metals, semic ...
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