The Foundations of Chemistry

ELECTROLYTIC CELLS In some electrochemical cells nonspontaneouschemical reactions are forced to occur by the input of electrical ...

From these observations we can deduce the processes of the cell. Chlorine must be produced by oxidation of Clions, and the elec ...

for predicting which of several possible oxidations or reductions is favored. The half- reactions and overall cell reaction for ...

The overall cell reaction produces gaseous H 2 and Cl 2 and an aqueous solution of NaOH, called caustic soda. Solid NaOH is then ...

FARADAY’S LAW OF ELECTROLYSIS In 1832–1833, Michael Faraday’s studies of electrolysis led to this conclusion. The amount of subs ...

EXAMPLE 21-1 Electrolysis Calculate the mass of copper metal produced during the passage of 2.50 amperes of current through a so ...

The number of coulombs passing through the cell is 7.50 103 C. For every 4(9.65 104 coulombs) passing through the cell, 22.4 L ...

with thin films of chromium. A chrome bumper requires approximately 3 seconds of elec- troplating to produce a smooth, shiny sur ...

THE ZINC–COPPER CELL Consider a standard cell made up of two half-cells, one a strip of metallic Cu immersed in 1 Mcopper(II) su ...

Zn88nZn^2  2 e (oxidation, anode) Cu^2  2 e88nCu (reduction, cathode) Cu^2 Zn88nCuZn^2  (overall cell reaction) Electr ...

the cathode solution to replace every Cu^2 ion reduced. Some Zn^2 ions from the anode vessel and some SO 42 ions from the cat ...

THE COPPER–SILVER CELL Now consider a similar standard voltaic cell consisting of a strip of Cu immersed in 1 M CuSO 4 solution ...

Whether a particular electrode acts as an anode or a cathode in a voltaic cell depends on what the other electrode of the cell i ...

STANDARD ELECTRODE POTENTIALS The potentials of the standard zinc–copper and copper–silver voltaic cells are 1.100 volts and 0.4 ...

21-12 The Zinc–SHE Cell 865 1.The initial potential of the cell is 0.763 volt. 2.As the cell operates, the mass of the zinc elec ...

The idea of “electron pressure” helps to explain this process. The negative reduction potential for the half-reaction Zn^2  2 ...

STANDARD ELECTRODE POTENTIALS We can develop a series of standard electrode potentials by measuring the potentials of other stan ...

By international convention, the standard potentials of electrodes are tabulated for reduc- tion half-reactions.These indicate t ...

1.Choose the appropriate half-reactions from a table of standard reduction potentials. 2.Write the equation for the half-reactio ...

Cu^2  2 e88nCu 0.337 Vm88reduction potential Zn88nZn^2  2 e 0.763 Vm88oxidation potential Cu^2 Zn88nCuZn^2  E^0 cell ...