Modern inorganic chemistry

36 STRUCTURE AND BONDING This then is the limiting radius ratio for six nearest neighbours— when the anion is said to have a co- ...

STRUCTURE AND BONDING 37 covalent bonds with four hydrogen atoms, each element thus attaining a noble gas configuration : + — - ...

38 STRUCTURE AND BONDING Table 2.8 SHAPES OF MOLECULES AND IONS Electron pairs Essential shape 1 linear 2 linear 3 trigonal plan ...

STRUCTURE AND BONDING 39 The basic tetrahedral shape is even more distorted producing an /°\ H H bond angle of 105°: SX-' If the ...

40 STRUCTURE AND BONDING that these two 'models' for the ethene structure are identical, so that we may use whichever is the mor ...

STRUCTURE AND BONDING 41 'donor-acceptor bonding' is very marked in Group HI, for when elements in this group form three covalen ...

42 STRUCTURE AND BONDING ( / Q — B— OC ChU CH 3 / \ CH 3 Cl CL CH 3 This compound, which contains atoms arranged tetrahedrally a ...

H X • N; x H gas gas STRUCTURE AND BONDING H H;N*H X H ammonium ion chloride ion as solid ammonium chloride 43 i.e. H H N" / ...

44 STRUCTURE AND BONDING ion. for example, contains carbon covalently bonded to three oxygen atoms and we can write the structur ...

STRUCTURE AND BONDING 45 Smaller and more highly charged ions such as magnesium and aluminium attract water strongly, and in the ...

46 STRUCTURE AND BONDING solution, and only in strongly acidic solutions is the hexaaquo ion [A1(H 2 O) 6 ]^3 + found. The solid ...

STRUCTURE AND BONDING 47 NOMENCLATURE FOR COMPLEX IONS When naming complex ions the number and type of ligands is written first, ...

48 STRUCTURE AND BONDING Table 2.10 BOND ENERGIES Bond In compound Average thermochemical(kJmor (^1) ) bond energy C^H N— H 0— H ...

H 0.037 Si 0.117 C 0.078 P 0.110 N 0.070 s 0.104 0 0.066 Cl 0.099 STRUCTURE AND BONDING 49 F 0.064 Deductions of bond lengths fo ...

50 STRUCTURE AND BONDING Table 2.11 SOME ELECTRONEGAT1VITY VALUES (PAULING) Li Be B C N O 2.1 F 4,0 Cl 3.0 1.0 Na 0.9 1.5 Mg 1.2 ...

STRUCTURE AND BONDING 51 on wave-mechanics. In this theory, it is supposed that the true structure of the molecule is a resonanc ...

52 STRUCTURE AND BONDING positive end of another. As a result of these attractive forces, chloro- methane (molecular weight 50.5 ...

STRUCTURE AND BONDING 53 force which explains the abnormally high boiling points of hydrogen fluoride, water and ammonia. The hy ...

54 STRUCTURE AND BONDING /O-H...O H 3 C—C ^NO ...H—O Hydrogen bonding is not restricted, however, to bonding between like molecu ...

STRUCTURE AND BONDING 55 Figure 2,7, Charge-cloud oj hydrogen atom Now the combination of two hydrogen atoms to give a hydrogen ...