Modern inorganic chemistry

76 ENERGETICS Hence + Ah + Ah + Ah + Ah + Ah 5 = 2140 kJ mol"^1 The positive enthalpy of formation of NaCl 2 is so large that th ...

ENERGETICS 77 covalent bonds are involved. Moreover, we must not assume that magnesium trichloride cannot exist. Early calculati ...

78 ENERGETICS lattice energy. A/ihyd(M+) and A/ihyd(X ) are the hydration enthalpies of the ions M+ and X™. These require furthe ...

ENERGETICS 79 the enthalpy changes involved in dissolving them in water are as follows: NaF NaCl NaBr Nal A/i 5 MX(s)-»M+(g) +X~ ...

80 ENERGETICS REACTIONS IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION: COVALENT SUBSTANCES Metals in higher oxidation states form halides which are essent ...

ENERGETICS 81 produce B^3 + (g)—and in fact this ion is not found as such. In fact. there is no sharp division between hydration ...

82 ENERGETICS i Enthalpy increase , M+(g)+e~+X(g) M(g)+X(g) (^3 4) V M^4 ( It M(s)+'/2X 2 (g) [I 5 AHq v MX(s) i The ab ...

ENERGETICS 83 In view of your comments, discuss why sodium chloride is soluble in water. (b) The ionisation energies (expressed ...

4 Acids and bases: oxidation and reduction oxidation and reduction These topics, which are more fully treated in texts on physic ...

ACIDS AND BASES: OXIDATION AND REDUCTION 85 and clearly here water is a base, but giving a new acid H 3 O* and a new base, Cl~. ...

86 ACIDS AND BASES: OXIDATION AND REDUCTION and thus the conjugate acid H 3 O^ is not completely formed—such acids are termed we ...

ACIDS AND BASES: OXIDATION AND REDUCTION 87 THE EFFECT OF THE SOLVENT If, for a given acid, we wish to increase the acid strengt ...

88 ACIDS AND BASES: OXIDATION AND REDUCTION HF HC1 HX(aq) -> HX(g) 48 18 HX(g) -> H(g) + X(g) 566 431 H(g)->H + (g) + ...

ACIDS AND BASES: OXIDATION AND REDUCTION 89 lone pair of electrons is a prerequisite, since an electron pair is needed to attach ...

90 ACIDS AND BASES: OXIDATION AND REDUCTION OTHER CONCEPTS OF ACIDS AND BASES Liquid ammonia (p. 216), like water, is very sligh ...

ACIDS AND BASES: OXIDATION AND REDUCTION 91 Hence, acids can be defined as substances producing cations characteristic of the so ...

92 ACIDS AND BASES: OXIDATION AND REDUCTION reducing agent, being itself oxidised by accepting oxygen. Here we see immediately t ...

ACIDS AND BASES: OXIDATION AND REDUCTION 93 ELECTRON TRANSFER Using the electron transfer definition, many more reactions can be ...

94 ACIDS AND BASES: OXIDATION AND REDUCTION Copp< rod - 3f -\ ll ffl -"^ ^E: 1 — ^ t""f:>f: --:-:-:- ,---> ._..__ -^ _ ...

ACIDS AND BASES: OXIDATION AND REDUCTION 95 can be represented as 2Fe2+(aq) + Br 2 (aq) -» 2Fe^3 +(aq) + 2Br-(aq) When M is a vo ...