Modern inorganic chemistry

56 STRUCTURE AND BONDING project to the corners of a tetrahedron. The four valency electrons of carbon go one into each orbital ...

STRUCTURE AND BONDING 57 This representation of the double bond applies to other double bonds also, for example C==O, S=O, P=O, ...

58 STRUCTURE AND BONDING But it is found that certain very electronegative atoms or groups, notably fluorine, can cause expansio ...

STRUCTUREAND BONDING 59 each metal atom of sodium is surrounded by (and therefore bonded to) eight other atoms, and each atom co ...

60 STRUCTURE AND BONDING Energy The 5 3d orbitals \ in the atom or ion V. surrounded by ligands The 5 3d orbitals The splitting ...

STRUCTURE AND BONDING 61 in the visible part of the spectrum. Thus, for example, in the MnO^ ion, we have manganese in a high ox ...

3 Energetics A full treatment of this important—and indeed exciting—area of chemistry belongs to physical chemistry. Here, we ar ...

ENERGETICS 63 THE ENERGY FACTOR A change can only take place if the energy factor is favourable. Most simple laboratory reaction ...

64 ENERGETICS THE KINETIC FACTOR Even given a favourable energy factor, a change may still not take place or occur at a negligib ...

ENERGETICS 65 Na(s) NaCKs) |H 2 (g) + iCl 2 (g) - HCl(g) In both reactions 1 and 2 the energy factors are favourable; pure sodi ...

66 ENERGETICS K = Here, the reaction proceeds effectively to completion; (HC1) is very large relative to (H 2 ) and (C1 2 ) and ...

ENERGETICS 67 SPONTANEOUS REACTIONS We have seen above that for a reaction to "go to completion' AG must be negative. Enthalpies ...

68 500 1000 1500 2000 Temperature, K Figure 3.4. AG/T values for the reactions 2Zn + O 2 -> 2ZnO 2Fe + O 2 -> 2FeO 2Mg + O ...

ENERGETICS 69 like enthalpies, are additive, and the minimum temperature for energetic feasibility can readily be found. As an e ...

70 ENERGETICS 50r g 0»O 45 40 35 30 25 20 -b.p of zinc- 15- 10 0-5 1-0 15 20 25 3-0 35 Figure 3,5. log 10 A f values for the rea ...

ENERGETICS 71 Hence for the reduction of zinc oxide by carbon monoxide we have, ZnO + CO = Zn + CO, Here K = Kl/K 2. hence Iog 1 ...

72 ENERGETICS but. since the overall heat change is. by Mess's law. independent of the path of the reaction, this is still valid ...

ENERGETICS 73 The heats of formation of the gaseous atoms, 4, are not very different; clearly, it is the change in the bond diss ...

74 ENERGETICS A/I 2 the first ionisation energy of sodium. A/i 3 the enthalpy of atomisation of chlorine, which is also half the ...

ENERGETICS 75 where A is a constant for a particular crystal type. z+ and z~ are the charges on the ions, r^ and r~ are the ioni ...