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laying. The female beetle tunnels into the inner bark and eats out a channel, depositing eggs along its length – the “brood gall ...

Fig. 10.9Dutch elm disease caused by Ophiostoma ulmiand O. novo-ulmi. (a) Dying elm trees with thinning crowns. (b) Coremia of O ...

new strains of the pathogen, often different from the strain that killed the tree. As testimony to the efficiency of this fungus ...

Dispersal and infection behavior of zoospores Zoospores are motile, wall-less cells that swim by means of flagella. They are the ...

(mastigonemes) projecting along its length. These act like a series of oars, pulling the zoospore forwards as the anterior flage ...

periphery contain a glycoprotein that is thought to serve as a protein store after encystment. These vesicles migrate towards th ...

cyst wall has developed, the water-expulsion vacuole disappears. The sequence of cyst wall formation is shown in Fig. 10.16. Sen ...

accumulate at the root tips in response to root tip nutri- ents and then lyse within a few minutes (Fig. 10.17). The use of surf ...

be studied using capillaries filled with potential attract- ants. Often the zoospores of plant pathogens show chemotaxis to seve ...

Fig. 10.21(a) A suspension of zoospores of Phytophthora parasiticawas incubated in the presence of a fluorescent probe (fura-2) ...

Collectively, the results in Fig. 10.21 demonstrate a central role of Ca^2 +uptake and subsequent release in the transition from ...

zoospore surface component. The virus presumably remains on the plasma membrane when the zoospore encysts, and will later be car ...

Spore liberation – take-off The essential feature of spore liberation is that a spore needs to break free from the boundary laye ...

more rigidly supported surfaces can release the spores by active processes. For example, the asci of many Ascomycota function as ...

size of toadstools is related to this strategy – the toad- stools with thick, rigid stipes (e.g. Boletus, Amanita) and the large ...

FUNGAL SPORES, SPORE DORMANCY, AND SPORE DISPERSAL 207 where Vtis the terminal velocity (cm s−^1 ) and ris the spore radius (μm) ...

surface of the raindrop, and if this rolls across a non- wettable surface such as a leaf cuticle it will leave the spores behind ...

FUNGAL SPORES, SPORE DORMANCY, AND SPORE DISPERSAL 209 Fig. 10.28The rotorod air sampler (e), and some representative spores and ...

Fig. 10.29(a,b) The Burkard continuous monitoring sampler in assembled form (a) showing the air intake orifice, arrow- head and ...

the apparatus by a motor-driven suction pump at the base. The air striking the first agar plate is travelling at low speed, so o ...