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Reproduction and dispersal mechanisms The only way that a lichen can maintain itself indefinitely is by vegetative propagation, ...

A large number of lichens produce apothecia to disperse their sexual spores (ascospores), as shown in Fig. 13.20. When these spo ...

an endosymbiont. In the mature stage, Geosiphonpro- duces transparent bladder-like structures on the soil sur- face, each about ...

and the partnership is only established when the cyanobacteria are present in a specific stage of their life cycle, termed the p ...

would need to be supplied with these by the photo- synthetic partner. This astonishing newly discovered type of symbiosisshould ...

tending or “gardening” the substrate to promote the growth of the fungus which will be used as a food source by the insects. T ...

concentrated during passage through the ant gut, and are deposited in the fecal droplets. By cladistic analysis of both the ants ...

Chapter 14 Fungi as plant pathogens This chapter is divided into the following major sections: the major types of plant-pathoge ...

The major types of plant-pathogenic fungi: setting the scene It is helpful to begin with some definitions: 1 A parasitecan be de ...

a biological control agent can become established. For example, soil-borne sporangia of the common seedling pathogen Pythium ult ...

aggressive mode of attack, producing pectic enzymes to degrade the plant tissues, aided by the production of copious amounts of ...

FUNGI AS PLANT PATHOGENS 283 Fig. 14.3Crater disease of wheat caused by Rhizoctonia solaniin Northern Transvaal, South Africa (D ...

are replaced by others (see Figs 11.14, 11.15). In the decline or replant diseases this balance between the rates of root produc ...

Fig. 14.4Stalk rot of maize caused by Phialophora zeicolain South Africa (Deacon & Scott 1983). (a) Premature senes- cence c ...

moulds” Penicillium italicumandP. digitatum which commonly cause the rotting of oranges, P. expansum which commonly rots apples ...

some of the partial breakdown products of pectin – the oligomers composed of 4 or 5 galacturonic acid residues that are generate ...

barriers to penetration or fungitoxic chemicals, and they can either be preformed or formed in response to infection. In the fol ...

sharp eyespot disease, Fusarium culmorumwhich causes fusarium foot rot, and Tapesia yallundaewhich causes “true” eyespot disease ...

The significance of papillae in plant resistance might be to delay invading hyphae while other defenses are activated. The ligni ...

Phytoanticipins Some of the best evidence for a role of phytoantici- pins has come from studies of the take-all fungus of cereal ...