Comparative and Veterinary Pharmacology

Table 5 (continued) Organ weights g/100 g BW Species Genus species Race/Breed Number ofindividuals Sex BW (kg) Brain Heart Kidne ...

References Benedict FG (1938) Vital energetics: A study in comparative basal metabolism. Carnegie Institu- tion of Washington, W ...

Locke D, Bush M, Carpenter JW (1982) Pharmacokinetics and tissue concentrations of tylosin in selected avian species. Am J Vet R ...

Sedgwick CJ, Borkowski R (1996) Allometric scaling: extrapolating treatment regimens for reptiles. In: Mader DR (ed) Reptile med ...

Pain and Analgesia in Domestic Animals Alex Livingston Contents 1 Introduction ................................................. ...

In animals, the lack of verbal communication not only confounds the diagnosis and characterisation of the experience of pain, bu ...

To most veterinarians and people working closely with animals, from both their physical and emotional responses, there is no que ...

2.2 Relevance to the Human Experience The concept of animal pain and its treatment has been based extensively on the human exper ...

undesirable and unnecessary in humans, it was inevitable that, eventually, the concept of alleviation of pain in animals would f ...

which the animal is suffering. A major factor in the development of meaningful evaluations is the familiarity that observers hav ...

The less commonly used routes of drug administration such as intra-articular or epidural routes are nevertheless used routinely ...

tests use an immediate response (limb withdrawal) to an acute pain stimulus. Other models utilise the pain that develops slowly ...

treatment of chronic pain in animals is associated with ethical debates (Mendl et al. 2001 ) regarding the cost/benefit situatio ...

information on the recognition of behavioural responses to pain in these species has led to a much better understanding of appro ...

a proportional alteration in the behaviour. This may not be the case with a physio- logical measurement, for which there may wel ...

Fig. 1The Glasgow Composite Pain Scale – Short Form. Copyright 2005 University of Glasgow http://www.gla.ac.uk/faculties/vet/sma ...

quantification of the efficacy of analgesics in treating acute pain (Dixon et al. 2002 , 2007 ). Studies of chronic pain have be ...

with these models have also been described. Gait analysis in horses has dated from the earliest days of cinematography. However, ...

It also allowed the development of one of the early pain VAS scales, which included both gait impairment and the pathology of th ...

greater. The evolutionary development of tortoises, snakes and crocodiles took place before mammals evolved, and yet they are gr ...