Biology of Disease
X]VeiZg'/ PATHOGENS AND VIRULENCE '- W^dad\nd[Y^hZVhZ The earliest human skeletons show evidence of a variety of infectious d ...
TYPES OF PATHOGENS CZhhVg6]bZY!BVjgZZc9Vlhdc!8]g^hHb^i]:YLddY '. In more recent years, pandemics of a number of other d ...
Bacteria Bacteria are cellular microorganisms that do not have a discrete nucleus and are described as prokaryotic (Figure 2.9). ...
TYPES OF PATHOGENS CZhhVg6]bZY!BVjgZZc9Vlhdc!8]g^hHb^i]:YLddY (& Figure 2.11 Infections of the toenails (onychomyco ...
X]VeiZg'/ PATHOGENS AND VIRULENCE (' W^dad\nd[Y^hZVhZ Malaria infects hepatocytes and blood. It is named malaria from the eig ...
2.3 Virulence Factors Evolution has provided pathogens and parasites with a wide range of factors that allow them to invade and ...
infection. The malarial parasites Plasmodium also express different surface antigens during the infection process. Some parasiti ...
Endotoxins are produced by bacteria with Gram-negative cell walls and are lipopolysaccharides embedded in the outer membrane of ...
retrograde axonal transport. Here it is released by postsynaptic dendrites and diffuses to the presynaptic neurons where its act ...
Diphtheria toxin kills cells by blocking protein synthesis. The target of the toxin is a single protein, elongation factor EF2, ...
certain pathogens are particularly well adapted to infect specific target tissues and organs. During infections, the pathogen mu ...
action or be more specifically defensive or offensive in nature. An example of the former is the possession of hypermutable geno ...
Jedrzejas, MJ (2001) Pneumococcal virulence factors: structure and function. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev.65: 187–207. Jerse, AE an ...
)& X]VeiZg(/ INFECTIOUS DISEASES AND TREATMENTS 3.1 Introduction The presence of virulence factors, described in Chapter 2, ...
3.2 Infections of the Skin The skin is a major element of the innate immune defense (Chapter 4). It is normally colonized by a v ...
aureus infections. The conjunctiva is particularly susceptible to infection. The epithelial surface enclosed by the eyelids is a ...
3.4 Infections of the Respiratory System The respiratory system is constantly exposed to inhaled microorganisms but is protected ...
Respiratory viruses are transmitted directly by aerosols or indirectly from contaminated surfaces. The first site of attack is, ...
or following changes to the bacterium that render it increasingly virulent. The commonest form of bacterial pneumonia is lobar p ...
cause caries by forming plaque on the tooth enamel, where they catabolize sugars to produce acid that demineralizes enamel and a ...
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