A Short History of China and Southeast Asia
realms, whose mysterious processes could be discerned through the use of oracles. Divination and the keeping of records together ...
The acute Chinese consciousness of history had two further rami- fications. One was that history had a pattern: each dynasty mov ...
a model he naturally looked to the past, to the foundation of the Zhou dynasty by King Wu, and his faithful and principled broth ...
was expected of them. This opened the way to anarchy and chaos. It should be added that in the Chinese worldview there was no su ...
social mobility this provided was designed to reinforce social hierarchy, not undermine it. The means by which social order was ...
Three brief comments can be made in relation to these military texts. The first is that they reflect the period in which they we ...
been described as ‘punishment’, most recently when China ‘punished’ Vietnam in 1979. While Confucius’s moral teachings may have ...
Empire and world order: Qin and Han The Qin dynasty re-established two things crucial to the Chinese worldview: the political un ...
floods, and earthquakes, or by increasing human misery and social chaos. The Emperor ruled ‘all under Heaven’ (tian-xia), the en ...
The progress and significance of this southern expansion for relations with Southeast Asia will be examined in the next chapter. ...
which lay two further barbarian zones—an inner one or controlled zone for those barbarian tribes who accepted Chinese suzerainty ...
Chinese administration and progressively sinicised. Those beyond the empire’s frontiers were under no such pressure, though the ...
A Short History of China and Southeast Asia the cosmic status of the emperor, by deferentially offering their tribute at court a ...
3 Early relations Indirect trading contact between China and the Nanyang, or Southern Ocean, the name by which the Chinese refer ...
formalised into what was later known as the ‘tributary system’. That in its fully elaborated form was the outcome of centuries o ...
By the beginning of the first century BCE, conditions existed for an expansion of Chinese contacts with Southeast Asia. Yet this ...
Early Southeast Asia Little is known about Indian trade and contact with Southeast Asia during this early, but crucial period. W ...
influence larger land-based kingdoms in Burma, Java, Cambodia and Thailand. We cannot follow in detail the rise of various early ...
This is because the Chinese envoys described what they saw and learned through Chinese eyes. Theirs was a centrally organised ki ...
Early Southeast Asian rulers and elites borrowed from India, above all, the means to legitimise and consolidate their power. The ...
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