Organic Chemistry

340 CHAPTER 9 Reactions of Alkanes • Radicals PROBLEM 1 Show the initiation, propagation, and termination steps for the monochlo ...

Section 9.3 Factors that Determine Product Distribution 341 the overall reaction is hydrogen atom abstraction, we conclude that ...

342 CHAPTER 9 Reactions of Alkanes • Radicals The percent yield of each alkyl halide is calculated by dividing the relative amou ...

PROBLEM 6 Calculate the percent yield of each product obtained in Problems 5a, b, and c if chlorina- tion is carried out in the ...

344 CHAPTER 9 Reactions of Alkanes • Radicals 2 kcal 2 kcal 2 kcal 2 kcal alkane 1 ° 2 ° 3 ° 1 ° 2 ° 3 ° +Cl alkane +Br Progress ...

Cl 2 F 2 Br 2 I 2 Halogens Section 9.4 The Reactivity–Selectivity Principle 345 The more reactive a species is, the less selecti ...

The fluorine radical is the most reactive of the halogen radicals, and it reacts violently with alkanes In contrast, the iodine ...

Section 9.5 Radical Substitution of Benzylic and Allylic Hydrogens 347 N-Bromosuccinimide (NBS) is frequently used to brominate ...

348 CHAPTER 9 Reactions of Alkanes • Radicals PROBLEM 11 Two products are formed when methylenecyclohexane reacts with NBS. Expl ...

Section 9.6 Stereochemistry of Radical Substitution Reactions 349 carbon bearing the unpaired electron is hybridized; therefore, ...

9.7 Reactions of Cyclic Compounds Cyclic compounds undergo the same reactions as acyclic compounds. For example, cyclic alkanes, ...

9.8 Radical Reactions in Biological Systems For a long time, scientists assumed that radical reactions were not important in bio ...

352 CHAPTER 9 Reactions of Alkanes • Radicals a radical intermediate. The radical that abstracts the hydrogen is formed as a res ...

Section 9.9 Radicals and Stratospheric Ozone 353 FOOD PRESERVATIVES Radical inhibitors that are present in food are known as pre ...

Polar stratospheric clouds increase the rate of ozone destruction. These clouds form over Antarctica during the cold winter mont ...

Summary of Reactions 355 Summary Alkanesare called saturated hydrocarbonsbecause they do not contain any double or triple bonds. ...

356 CHAPTER 9 Reactions of Alkanes • Radicals Problems Give the product(s) of each of the following reactions, ignoring stereoi ...

Problems 357 The deuterium kinetic isotope effect for chlorination of an alkane is defined in the following equation: Predict ...

359 The three chaptersin Part III discuss the reactions of compounds that have an electron-withdrawing atom or group—a potential ...

H C X H H H C X H H δ− δ− O rganic compounds that have an electronegative atom or group bonded to an hybridized carbon undergo s ...