Cognitive Psychology: Connecting Mind, Research and Everyday Experience, 3rd Edition

Why Do People Make Errors in Eyewitness Testimony? • 231 If the participants in both groups had been tested on their knowledge o ...

232 • CHAPTER 8 Everyday Memory and Memory Errors a person from a lineup even when the perpetrator is not present. When a witnes ...

Something to Consider • 233 Department (available at http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/pubs-sum/178240.htm), which includes many of t ...

234 • CHAPTER 8 Everyday Memory and Memory Errors Experiments showing that memory can be affected by suggestion have led to the ...

THINK ABOUT IT General world knowledge can cause memory errors. Inference is one of the mechanisms of the constructive pro- ces ...

236 • CHAPTER 8 Everyday Memory and Memory Errors True and false memories in the brain. Can we distinguish between true and fal ...

MEDIA RESOURCES The Cognitive Psychology Book Companion Website http://www.cengage.com/psychology/goldstein Prepare for quizzes ...

238 238 Our ability to categorize some of these animals as “cats” and some as “dogs” helps us know which ones are more likely to ...

239 HOW ARE OBJECTS PLACED INTO CATEGORIES? Why Definitions Don’t Work for Categories The Prototype Approach: Finding the Averag ...

240 • CHAPTER 9 Knowledge Why is it difficult to decide if a particular object belongs to a particular category, such as “chair, ...

How Are Objects Placed Into Categories? • 241 How Are Objects Placed Into Categories? A time-honored approach to determining the ...

242 • CHAPTER 9 Knowledge The philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein (1953) noted this problem with defi nitions and offered a solution ...

How Are Objects Placed Into Categories? • 243 THE PROTOTYPE APPROACH: FINDING THE AVERAGE CASE According to the prototype approa ...

244 • CHAPTER 9 Knowledge DEMONSTRATION Family Resemblance Rosch and Mervis’s (1975) instructions were as follows: For each of t ...

How Are Objects Placed Into Categories? • 245 nonprototypical members. The procedure for Rosch’s experiment is shown in ● Figure ...

246 • CHAPTER 9 Knowledge response to a stimulus if it contains some of the information needed to respond to the stimulus. This ...

Is There a Psychologically “Privileged” Level of Categories? • 247 penguins, ostriches, and other birds that are not typical can ...

248 • CHAPTER 9 Knowledge levels. She distinguished three levels of categories: the superordinate level, which we will call the ...

Is There a Psychologically “Privileged” Level of Categories? • 249 the picture of an automobile was preceded by the word car tha ...

250 • CHAPTER 9 Knowledge Representing Relationships Between Categories: Semantic Networks We have seen that categories can be a ...