Vertebrate Development Maternal to Zygotic Control (Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology)

314 theory, but those accusations were convincingly refuted (Richardson et al. 1997 ; Richards 2009 ). The existence of the phyl ...

315 In vertebrates, the phylotypic stage occurs around the pharyngula stage, just before the limb buds appear, when the pharynge ...

316 As first described by Pander, the chicken blastoderm originates as a single layer of cells called the epiblast. Initially, s ...

317 a c b d B B PP PSN N KS B NEM cells bc Fig. 7.4 Gastrulation in different vertebrate species. (a) Gastrulation in the chicke ...

318 Despite the obvious morphological similarity to avian embryos, reptilian embryos undergo a different method of gastrulation ...

319 forms the blastocoel in the middle of the embryo (Manejwala et al. 1989 ). The cells remaining inside the embryo after compa ...

320 platelets settling in the large prospective endodermal cells at the vegetal pole (Fig. 7.3a) (Karasaki 1963 ). Amphibian emb ...

321 release their contents into the underlying yolk cell, forming an extraembryonic YSL (Fig. 7.3a) (Betchaku and Trinkaus 1978 ...

322 pole along the inside of the embryo (Fig. 7.4d, white arrows) (Warga and Kimmel 1990 ). Imaging of zebrafish embryos by ligh ...

323 sion of axial mesoderm from the archenteron roof (Bolker 1993a). Secondly, the blas- topore forms at the equator in sturgeon ...

324 The evolutionary origin of the YSL is unclear. Reptile and avian embryos have a YSL, but it is not likely that these are hom ...

325 in fixed tissue by a chemical reaction that produces a dark colored precipitate (Weisblat et al. 1978 ). This method also ha ...

326 7.4.2 The Teleost Fate Map In the 1930s, Jane Oppenheimer (1911–1996) and Jean J. Pasteels (1906–1991) used Vogt’s technique ...

327 between quail and chick cells can be used to determine the origin of various cell types in orthotopic xenografts (Le Douarin ...

328 7.4.5 Conclusion A comparison of the fate maps of the frog, fish, bird and mammalian blastoderm reveals a striking conservat ...

329 7.5.1 Amphibians 7.5.1.1 The Organizer As a part of her doctoral thesis under Hans Spemann (1869–1941), Hilde Proescholdt (l ...

330 mediated by the transfer of an unknown molecule. More broadly, these experiments, along with others, showed that germ layer ...

331 induce a full body axis, like the Organizer. Unlike the organizer, however, these cells did not contribute any cells to the ...

332 no longer produce blood or mesothelium (Slack and Forman 1980 ; Smith and Slack 1983 ; Dale and Slack 1987b). The DMZ is the ...

333 7.5.2.2 The YSL Early experiments to determine the role of the yolk during teleost development yielded ambiguous results. Th ...