Wrestling with Nature From Omens to Science

230 Kline Many engineering leaders simplifi ed Thurston’s applied- science ideal after the turn of the century. Calling the engi ...

Science and Technology 231 effort, he described a hierarchical, sharp, and rather condescending divi- sion of labor between pure ...

232 Kline lines, conducted in Steinmetz’s engineering laboratory at GE, were en- titled to be called “scientifi c.” Steinmetz wa ...

Science and Technology 233 on the basis of a simple applied- science view of innovation. E. P. Hyde, a physicist- engineer in th ...

234 Kline was when Gano Dunn defi ned engineering in 1930 as the “art of the economic application of science to the purposes of ...

Science and Technology 235 science, although the term would seem to be a misnomer, for there is no other science than pure scien ...

236 Kline ing research pays dividends and they are soon realized, but over the de- cades and the centuries the richest returns c ...

Science and Technology 237 reversing the order of the words, to technology and science, sounds for- eign to our ears. The standa ...

238 Kline One prominent commentator equated technology with applied sci- ence and called it a fi eld of industrial research. Alf ...

Science and Technology 239 Princeton, talked in 1944 about changes that “occurred in the science and technology of physics with ...

240 Kline technology as social forces, but ones that could be controlled through research organizations.^61 During the war the p ...

Science and Technology 241 “engineering science” encouraged colleges to develop research and teach- ing programs in this fi eld ...

242 Kline ate testimony to argue for support of engineering science and to counter the common, though erroneous idea, that “engi ...

Science and Technology 243 on engineering education, commonly called the Grinter report, after the committee’s chair L. E. Grint ...

244 Kline without any clear objective in mind other than seeking knowledge. “If this is accepted,” said Work, “then basic engine ...

Science and Technology 245 engineering sciences,” the committee was chaired by prominent electrical engineers—W. L. Everitt, B. ...

246 Kline cause it will be diffi cult to win our battle for progress in engineering science research with a house divided.^77 By ...

Science and Technology 247 ics and chemistry. By agreeing on this meaning scientists and engineers could preserve the epistemolo ...

248 Kline Kline, “Construing ‘Technology’ as ‘Applied Science.’” On this approach to studying the word “technology,” see Ruth O ...

Science and Technology 249 neering Chemistry 8 (1916): 561; and Whitney, “Research as a National Duty,” Science 43 (1916): 636. ...