Human Physiology, 14th edition (2016)

278 Chapter 10 Evidently, the brain must somehow integrate the information from many different receptor inputs and then interpre ...

Sensory Physiology 279 tubular structure that is filled with a fluid called endolymph. Endolymph is unlike any other extracellul ...

280 Chapter 10 membrane contains microscopic crystals of calcium carbonate (otoliths) from which it derives its name ( oto 5  ea ...

Sensory Physiology 281 (a) Head upright (b) Head bent forward Sensory axons Hair cell Supporting cell Otoliths Otolithic membran ...

282 Chapter 10 cord stimulate movements of the head, neck, and limbs. Move- ments of the eyes and body produced by these pathway ...

Sensory Physiology 283 during speech (with an average sound intensity of 60 dB) are estimated to be about the diameter of a mole ...

284 Chapter 10 The fact that vibrations of the tympanic membrane are transferred through three bones instead of just one affords ...

Sensory Physiology 285 When the sound frequency (pitch) is sufficiently low, there is adequate time for the pressure waves of pe ...

286 Chapter 10 extends the length of the basilar membrane. The hair bundles on the inner hair cells are mechanosensory: they tra ...

Sensory Physiology 287 a shearing force is created between the basilar membrane and the tectorial membrane. This causes the ster ...

288 Chapter 10 However, vibrations of the basilar membrane are damp- ened by the fluid of the cochlea, and because of this we wo ...

Sensory Physiology 289 the distance between the ears. This information is supplemented by an interaural time difference if sound ...

290 Chapter 10 The eyes transduce energy in the electromagnetic spectrum ( fig. 10.26 ) into nerve impulses. Only a limited part ...

Sensory Physiology 291 Tunic and Structure Location Composition Function Fibrous tunic Outer layer of eyeball Avascular connecti ...

292 Chapter 10 within the iris; dilation is produced by contraction of radial muscles. Constriction of the pupils results from p ...

Sensory Physiology 293 CLINICAL APPLICATIONS Glaucoma is damage to the optic nerve, involving the loss of retinal ganglion cell ...

294 Chapter 10 the left half of the retina of each eye, while the left half of the visual field is focused on the right half of ...

Sensory Physiology 295 the object closer to or farther from the eye would cause corre- sponding movement of the focal point, so ...

296 Chapter 10 influencing acuity), the line of letters marked “20/20” can be read ( fig.  10.35 a ). If a person has myopia (ne ...

Sensory Physiology 297 Astigmatism Because the curvature of the cornea and lens is not perfectly symmetrical, light passing thro ...