Human Physiology, 14th edition (2016)

318 Chapter 11 narrow synaptic cleft. In these cases, the chemical that the neurons secrete is sometimes called a neurohormone. ...

Endocrine Glands 319 1. Amines. These are hormones derived from the amino acids tyrosine and tryptophan. They include the hormon ...

320 Chapter 11 whose thyroid is deficient (who are hypothyroid). By contrast, polypeptide and glycoprotein hormones cannot be ta ...

Endocrine Glands 321 be additive or complementary. The action of epinephrine and nor- epinephrine on the heart is a good example ...

322 Chapter 11 Priming Effects Variations in hormone concentration within the normal, physi- ological range can affect the respo ...

Endocrine Glands 323 Hormones That Bind to Nuclear Receptor Proteins Unlike the water-soluble hormones, the lipophilic steroid a ...

324 Chapter 11 Modern molecular biology has ushered in a new era in endocrine research, where nuclear receptors can be identifie ...

Endocrine Glands 325 thyroid also secretes a small amount of triiodothyronine, or T 3. The carrier proteins have a higher affini ...

326 Chapter 11 extracellular signals (hormones) are transduced into intracel- lular signals (second messengers). When these horm ...

Endocrine Glands 327 it to dissociate from the catalytic subunit, which then becomes active ( fig. 11.8 ). In summary, the hormo ...

328 Chapter 11 Phospholipase C–Ca^2 1 Second-Messenger System The concentration of Ca^2 1 in the cytoplasm is kept very low by t ...

Endocrine Glands 329 effects are achieved by a mechanism of action that is quite com- plex, and in some ways still not completel ...

330 Chapter 11 In the case of many growth factors, the binding of the ligand to its receptor causes the receptors to form dimers ...

Endocrine Glands 331 Figure 11.12 The structure of the pituitary gland. The anterior lobe is composed of glandular tissue, where ...

332 Chapter 11 gonadotropins (FSH and LH) and acts on the kidneys to help regulate water and electrolyte balance. The population ...

Endocrine Glands 333 The release of ADH and oxytocin from the posterior pitu- itary is controlled by neuroendocrine reflexes. In ...

334 Chapter 11 rather than neural regulation. Releasing and inhibiting hor- mones, produced by neurons in the hypothalamus, are ...

Endocrine Glands 335 The anterior pituitary secretion of growth hormone is under the control of two polypeptide hormones from th ...

336 Chapter 11 Figure 11.16 The hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis (control system). The secretion of thyroxine from the thyroi ...

Endocrine Glands 337 Studies in mice show that neurons in at least 26 brain areas send axons to the GnRH-producing neurons of th ...