Constitutionalism in Asia in the Early Twenty-First Century

leaders and to express grievances and desires in free and fair elections. The Arab Spring developments have raised interest in w ...

amendments that took place during 1999 – 2002 , focusing particularly on the new structure of Indonesian government, human right ...

There is no position akin to a prime minister as in a pure parliamentary system. The president is not accountable directly to th ...

the MPR is not the highest state organ any more, but one of the high state organs, along with other state organs. Article 20 A, ...

of fact, it is in no way comparable to the US Senate or to upper houses in the bicameral parliaments that exist in both the West ...

to the Judicial Commission, permitting the Supreme Court to impose sanctions on judges and to tap the phone calls of judges if t ...

Rights has been used repeatedly as a reference for justices to make their consider- ations for deciding such cases as the case o ...

public assumptions of a ‘judicial mafia’ that was engineering legal cases, espe- cially corruption-related cases. Members of par ...

statism into a more coherent, complete, democratic framework for a pure presidential system with separation of powers and checks ...

The principle of equality is a primary principle of human rights. Human rights are for everyone – as much for people living in p ...

The Second Amendment to the Indonesian constitution firmly guarantees free- dom of opinion. It is based on the principle that fr ...

The Second Amendment to the 1945 constitution does not specifically mention women’s rights. However, there is no single article ...

Another reason why Islamic political parties support the human rights provisions is for their own protection. All Islamic politi ...

situation in the country concerned, such as its geography, ethnic composition, demography, political formats, legal systems, and ...

national DPR and 4 per cent in the local DPRDs, with seats in at least half the provinces and districts throughout Indonesia. In ...

As a result of the democratisation era, now Indonesia has a very complex election system. The 2009 general election is illustrat ...

The problem comes when religious organisations other than those of the six recognised faiths are not able to register with the g ...

the government established the Bureau for Supervision of Religious Movements (Pakem) under the Ministry of Religious Affairs, wh ...

commands. For instance, the Indonesian Constitutional Court takes the view that one of the principal differences of the rule of ...

by the incumbents, local bureaucrats and military personnel. 48 The political parties are centralised but at the same time not f ...