Western Civilization

rivers to Novgorod and Kiev and established fortified ports throughout these territories. Early Viking raids had been carried ou ...

individual who served a lord in a military capacity was known as a vassal. Both the breakdown of governments, which allowed powe ...

OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS Lords, Vassals, and Samurai in Europe and Japan Europe was not the only part of the world where a form of so ...

barely enough land to provide their equipment. The lord-vassal relationship, then, bound together both greater and lesser landow ...

A serf’s labor services consisted of working the lord’sdemesne(duh-MEENorduh-MAYN), the land retained by the lord, which might e ...

During the reign of Michael III (842–867), the Byz- antine Empire continued to be plagued by problems. The Bulgars mounted new a ...

cooks, or dancers, althoughsome dancers also worked as prostitutes. Upper-class women had greater opportunities to play importan ...

The Slavic Peoples of Central and Eastern Europe Q FOCUSQUESTION: What patterns of development occurred in central and eastern E ...

defeat at Lechfeld in 955, was also converted to Chris- tianity by German missionaries. Saint Stephen, king of Hungary from 997 ...

The World of Islam Q FOCUSQUESTION: What were the chief developments in the Islamic world between 750 and 1000? The Umayyad Dyna ...

caravan route from the Mediterranean to Central Asia. The move eastward allowed Persian influence to come to the fore, encouragi ...

established a caliphate in Egypt in 973, and an inde- pendent dynasty also operated in North Africa. Despite the political disun ...

of India, including the use of the zero. In Europe, it became known as the Arabic system. Al-Khwarizmi (al- KHWAR-iz-mee), a nin ...

CHAPTER TIMELINE CHAPTER REVIEW Upon Reflection Q Of what significance was the Carolingian intellectual renaissance to western E ...

Europe, 400–1100(Cambridge, 2002). On attitudes toward sex- uality in the early Christian church, see the important work by P. B ...

C H A P T E R 9 The Recovery and Growth of European Society in the High Middle Ages CHAPTER OUTLINE AND FOCUS QUESTIONS Land and ...

New agricultural practices that increased the food supply helped spur a commercial and urban revival that, accompanied by a risi ...

of agricultural villages, towns, and cities and an increase in land under cultivation. What accounted for this dramatic rise in ...

Because the carruca was so heavy, six or eight oxen were needed to pull it, but oxen were slow. Two new inventions for the horse ...

with both political and legal privileges. The political and legal powers formerly exercised by lords were increasingly reclaimed ...