Western Civilization
considerably, castles did possess two common features: they were permanent residences for the noble family, its retainers, and s ...
Louis IX was a boy and ruled France with a powerful hand during much of the 1220s and 1230s. She repelled the attempt of some re ...
who moved back and forth between the Muslim and Christian worlds. By the end of the tenth century, how- ever, people with both t ...
of Black Sea ports, where they acquired goods brought by Muslim merchants from India, China, and Southeast Asia. A few Italian m ...
to the fairs of Champagne and exchanged them for the cloth and swords of northern Italy and the silks, sugar, and spices of the ...
OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS Two Views of Trade and Merchants The revival of trade in Europe was a gradual process, but by the High Middl ...
that only members of the wealthiest and most power- ful families, who came to be called the patricians, were elected. City gover ...
IMAGES OF EVERYDAY LIFE Life in a Medieval Town MOST URBAN RESIDENTSwere merchants involved in trade and artisans who manufactur ...
and waste products from their animals into the river, while tanners threw in tannic acids, dried blood, fat, hair, and wastes. B ...
THE ORIGINS OF UNIVERSITIES The first European uni- versity was founded in Bologna, Italy, and coincided with the revival of int ...
communication for students, regardless of their coun- try of origin. Basically, medieval university instruction was done by the ...
Euclid on mathematics. Above all, the West now had available the complete works of Aristotle. During the second half of the twel ...
Aquinas’s reputation derives from his masterful attempt to reconcile faith and reason. He took it for granted that there were tr ...
While Latin continued to be used for literary pur- poses, by the twelfth century, much new literature was being written in the v ...
long, round stone vault called a barrel vault or a cross vault where two barrel vaults intersected (a vault is simply a curved r ...
dedication to a spiritual ideal. As we have observed before, the largest buildings of an era reflect the values of its society. ...
The High Middle Ages also gave birth to an intellectual and artistic revival. The intellectualrevivalledtoarediscoveryof importa ...
Suggestions for Further Reading GENERAL HISTORIES For a good introduction to this period, seeW. C. Jordan,Europe in the High Mid ...
C H A P T E R 10 TheRiseofKingdoms and the Growth of Church Power CHAPTER OUTLINE AND FOCUS QUESTIONS The Emergence and Growth o ...
forever mired in endless petty conflicts, some medieval kings began to exert a centralizing authority and inaugurated the proces ...
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