Western Civilization

difficulties had convinced him that “the empire should not be extended beyond its present fron- tiers.”^3 His defeats in Germany ...

ruling class for the empire. Senators filled the chief mag- istracies of the Roman government, held the most im- portant militar ...

principate had been revealed: it was possible, it seemed, for an emperor to be chosen outside Rome.”^5 The Five “Good Emperors” ...

administration. These municipal offices were unsalaried but were nevertheless sought by wealthy citizens because they conferred ...

towns and cities had their own traditions long before the arrival of the Romans. Their common language was Greek, not Latin, and ...

CAE SAR EA-ROM E (^20) DAYS AL EXA NDR IA-PUT EOLI (^15) – (^20) DAY S GADES-OST IA^9 DAYS (^) B YZ AN TIUM GAZ A (^1) (^0) – ...

internal stability but also pacified bordering territories, thus reducing the threat that bandits posed to traders. As a result, ...

Another prominent Augustan poet was Horace (HOR-uss) (65–8B.C.E.), a friend of Virgil’s. Horace was a sophisticated writer whose ...

The Art of Love, which was essentially a takeoff on didactic poems. Whereas authors of earlier didactic poems had written guides ...

For Livy, human character was the determining factor in history. Livy’s history celebrated Rome’s greatness. He built scene upon ...

IMAGES OF EVERYDAY LIFE Children in the Roman World LIKE THEGREEKS, the Romans did not always raise all the children born into t ...

But for all its sophistication, Rome was an over- crowded and noisy city. Because of the congestion, cart and wagon traffic was ...

held in theaters. But the most famous of all the public spectacles were the gladiatorial shows. The Gladiatorial Shows The gladi ...

FI L M HISTORY Gladiator(2000) THE FILMGLADIATOR, directed by Ridley Scott, is a fictional story set in the Roman Empire near th ...

Transformation of the Roman World: Crises in the Third Century Q FOCUSQUESTION: What political, military, economic, and social p ...

and his death in captivity, an event unprecedented in Roman history. Germanic tribes also poured into the empire. The Goths over ...

(see Chapter 2). In the Roman world, Mithra came to be identified with the sun-god and was known by his Roman title, the Unconqu ...

OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS Roman Authorities and a Christian on Christianity At first, Roman authorities were uncertain how to deal wit ...

God’s kingdom on earth, Jesus spoke of a heavenly kingdom, not an earthly one: “My kingdom is not of this world.”^16 In this he ...

eventually became the authoritative record of Jesus’s life and teachings and formed the core of the New Tes- tament. Recently, s ...