Western Civilization

(1285–1314) of France. Looking for a source of new revenues, Philip expressed the right to tax the French clergy. Boniface VIII ...

French monarchy, it was easy to believe in view of Avignon’s proximity to French lands. Moreover, during the seventy-three years ...

to elect a new pope, the citizens of Rome, fearful that the French majority would choose another Frenchman who would return the ...

European life at the same time that the effects of plague were felt in many areas of medieval towns and cities. The Development ...

only so far on his journey. At the end of “Purgatory,” Beatrice (the true love of Dante’s life), who represents revelation—which ...

the natural order, men were active and domineering while women were passive and submissive. As more and more lawyers, doctors, a ...

IMAGES OF EVERYDAY LIFE ENTERTAINMENT IN THEMIDDLEAGES MEDIEVAL PEOPLE ENGAGEDin a variety of activities for entertainment. City ...

thought about and used time. Throughout most of the Middle Ages, time was determined by natural rhythms (daybreak and nightfall) ...

of medieval civilization. At midcentury, one of the most destructive natural disasters in history erupted—the Black Death, a dev ...

CHAPTER REVIEW Upon Reflection Q What were the chief factors that led to the urban and rural revolts of the fourteenth century? ...

C H A P T E R 12 Recovery and Rebirth: The Age of the Renaissance CHAPTER OUTLINE AND FOCUS QUESTIONS Characteristics of the Ita ...

their period (from the mid-fourteenth to the mid- sixteenth century) an age of rebirth, believing that they had restored arts an ...

things if they will.”^1 A high regard for human dignity and worth and a realization of individual potentiality created a new soc ...

These general features of the Italian Renaissance were not characteristic of all Italians but were primarily the preserve of the ...

Social Changes in the Renaissance The Renaissance inherited its social structure from the Middle Ages. Society remained fundamen ...

urban poverty increased dramatically. One rich mer- chant of Florence wrote: Those that are lazy and indolent in a way that does ...

The Italian States in the Renaissance Q FOCUSQUESTION: How did Machiavelli’s works reflect the political realities of Renaissanc ...

monarchy that shared little in the cultural glories of the Renaissance. Besides the five major states, there were a number of in ...

acquisition and expansion of political power as the means to restore and maintain order in his time. In the Middle Ages, many po ...

OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS The Renaissance Prince: The Views of Machiavelli and Erasmus At the beginning of the sixteenth century, two ...