Western Civilization

Petrarch (1304–1374), often called the father of Ital- ian Renaissance humanism, did more than any other individual in the fourt ...

Neoplatonism was based on two primary ideas, the Neoplatonic hierarchy of substances and a theory of spiritual love. The former ...

historians have argued that although conditions remained bleak for most women, some women, espe- cially those in courtly, religi ...

The Impact of Printing The Renaissance period witnessed the development of printing, one of the most important technological inn ...

pictures of others, but if he will study from natural objects he will bear good fruit.... Those who take for their standard any ...

environment. Many artists had mastered the new tech- niques for a scientific observation of the world around them and were now r ...

shift to High Renaissance principles. He stressed the need to advance beyond the mere realistic representa- tion of nature and i ...

ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome. In 1508, Pope Ju- lius II had called Michelangelo to Rome and commis- sioned him to decor ...

the artist to use a varied range of colors and create fine details. In the famousGiovanni Arnolfini and His Bride, van Eyck’s at ...

The European State in the Renaissance Q FOCUSQUESTION: Why do historians sometimes refer to the monarchies of the late fifteenth ...

enabled him to leave England with a stable and pros- perous government and an enhanced status for the monarchy itself. SPAIN Spa ...

convert to Christianity. But complaints about the sincer- ity of these Jewish converts prompted Ferdinand and Isabella to ask th ...

Danube, known collectively as Austria, the house of Habsburg had become one of the wealthiest landhold- ers in the empire and by ...

Byzantine power in the Balkans, the threat from the Turks finally doomed the long-lasting empire. Beginning in northeastern Asia ...

REFORM OF THE CHURCH The reform of the church was even less successful than the attempt to eradicate her- esy. The Council of Co ...

splendor of his pontificate by tearing down an old church and beginning construction of what was to be the greatest building in ...

CHAPTER TIMELINE CHAPTER REVIEW Upon Reflection Q What was the pattern of political development in Italy? How was this pattern o ...

ITALIAN CITY-STATES On the Italian city-states, seeJ. M. Najemy, ed.,Italy in the Age of the Renaissance, 1300–1550 (Oxford, 200 ...

C H A P T E R 13 Reformation and Religious Warfare in the Sixteenth Century CHAPTER OUTLINE AND FOCUS QUESTIONS Prelude to Refor ...

ON APRIL 18, 1521, a lowly monk stood before the emperor and princes of the Holy Roman Empire in the city of Worms. He had been ...