Western Civilization

especially competent ministers played crucial roles in maintaining monarchical authority. Cardinal Richelieu (REESH-uh-lyoo), Lo ...

his ministers on other nobles. His ministers were expected to be subservient; said Louis, “I had no inten- tion of sharing my au ...

the new edict provided for the destruction of the Huguenots’ churches and the closing of Protestant schools. FINANCIAL ISSUES Th ...

coalitions to prevent the destruction of the European balance of power that Bourbon hegemony would cause. Although Louis added s ...

Holy Roman Empire virtually autonomous and sover- eign. Properly speaking, there was no longer a German state but rather more th ...

empire in southeastern Europe. By the beginning of the eighteenth century, the house of Austria had acquired an empire of consid ...

Orthodox Church created very unsettled conditions. In the midst of these political and religious upheavals, Russia was experienc ...

dream: by the time of his death in 1725, Russia had become a great military power and an important actor on the European stage. ...

institutions that affected their lives: local courts, local tax collectors, and local organizers of armed forces. Kings and mini ...

Limited Monarchy: The Dutch Republic and England Q FOCUSQUESTION: What were the main issues in the struggle between king and Par ...

IMAGES OF EVERYDAY LIFE Dutch Domesticity DURING THE GOLDENage of the Dutch Republic, Dutch painters delighted in painting scene ...

CHARLES I AND THE MOVE TOWARD REVOLUTION The conflict that had begun during the reign of James came to a head during the reign o ...

OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS Oliver Cromwell: Three Perspectives Oliver Cromwell was a strong leader with firm religious convictions. The ...

man and his successors were his Protestant daughters Mary and Anne, born to his first wife. But on June 10, 1688, a son was born ...

affairs of state. Over the next century, it would gradu- ally prove to be the real authority in the English system of constituti ...

topic that he elaborated in his major treatise on politi- cal thought known as theLeviathan(luh-VY-uh-thun), published in 1651. ...

which commissioned many new churches, wanted peo- ple to see the triumphant power of the Catholic faith. Baroque painting was kn ...

FRENCH CLASSICISM AND DUTCH REALISM In the second half of the seventeenth century, France replaced Italy as the cultural leader ...

RYN) (1606–1669). Although Rembrandt shared the Dutch predilection for realistic portraits, he became more introspective as he g ...

social world of his time. InTartuffe, he ridiculed reli- gious hypocrisy. Molie`re’s satires, however, sometimes got him into tr ...