Western Civilization

CHAPTER TIMELINE CHAPTER REVIEW Upon Reflection Q What does the witchcraft craze tell us about European society in the sixteenth ...

THIRTY YEARS’ WAR The fundamental study on the Thirty Years’ War isP. H. Wilson,The Thirty Years War: Europe’s Tragedy (Cambridg ...

C H A P T E R 16 TowardaNewHeaven andaNewEarth:The ScientificRevolution andtheEmergenceof ModernScience A nineteenth-century pai ...

breakdown of Christian unity during the Reformation and the subsequent religious wars had created an environment in which Europe ...

Technological Innovations and Mathematics Technical problems such as accurately calculating the tonnage of ships also stimulated ...

studied mathematics and astronomy first at Krakow in his native Poland and later at the Italian universities of Bologna and Padu ...

the numerical relationships existing between the plan- ets, he focused much of his attention on discovering the “music of the sp ...

substance similar to that of earth rather than of ethe- real or perfect and unchanging substances. Galileo’s revelations, publis ...

philosophically false and absurd and theologically at least erroneous.”^3 Thus, the church attacked the Copernican system becaus ...

OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS A New Heaven? Faith Versus Reason In 1614, Galileo wrote a letter to the Grand Duchess Christina of Tuscany ...

In the first book of thePrincipia, Newton defined the basic concepts of mechanics by elaborating the three laws of motion: every ...

later Middle Ages, that of medicine, also experienced a transformation. Late medieval medicine was dominated by the teachings of ...

scientific experiments. Marie-Anne Lavoisier is a re- minder that women too played a role in the Scientific Revolution. Women in ...

qualified, she was a woman with no university degree, and she was denied the post by the Berlin Academy, which feared that it wo ...

were so good that you “would hardly believe they were done by a woman at all.” In the seventeenth century, women joined this deb ...

The starting point for Descartes’s new system was doubt, as he explained at the beginning of his most famous work,Discourse on M ...

Bacon’s new foundation—a correct scientific method—was to be built on inductive principles. Rather than beginning with assumed f ...

Greenwich, England, in 1675 greatly facilitated research in astronomy by both groups. Although both the English and French socie ...

inventing a calculating machine, and the abstract, by devising a theory of chance or probability and doing work on conic section ...

or only hopeless. Pascal even had an answer for skep- tics in his famous wager: God is a reasonable bet; it is worthwhile to ass ...