Western Civilization

called his mother tongue. TheHandbook of the Christian Knight, published in 1503, reflected his preoccupation with religion. He ...

clamoring for meaningful religious expression and cer- tainty of salvation. As a result, for some the salvation process became a ...

salvation). Because Luther had arrived at this doctrine from his study of the Bible, the Bible became for Luther, as for all oth ...

Instead, the primary means of disseminating Luther’s ideas was the sermon. The preaching of evangelical ser- mons, based on a re ...

which made it easier for them to work with the ruling elites in the cities. A series of crises in the mid-1520s, however, made i ...

Luther took an active role in establishing a reformed church. Since the Catholic ecclesiastical hierarchy had been scrapped, Lut ...

Magnificent (1520–1566), the Ottoman Turks overran most of Hungary, moved into Austria, and advanced as far as Vienna, where the ...

dashed, and the ideal of medieval Christian unity was irretrievably lost. The rapid proliferation of new Prot- estant groups ser ...

OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS A Reformation Debate: Conflict at Marburg Debates played a crucial role in the Reformation period. They were ...

would lead to in the sixteenth century. Unable to find peaceful ways to agree on the meaning of the Gospel, the disciples of Chr ...

marriage to Catherine was “null and absolutely void.” He then validated Henry’s secret marriage to Anne, who had become pregnant ...

court to oversee the moral life and doctrinal purity of Genevans. The Consistory had the right to punish peo- ple who deviated f ...

clergy preached sermons advocating a more positive side to family relationships. The Protestants were espe- cially important in ...

were a direct reaction against the Protestant move- ment. Historians who prefer to use “Catholic Reforma- tion” point out that e ...

The Society of Jesus Of all the new religious orders, the most important was the Society of Jesus, known as the Jesuits, who bec ...

pontificate of Pope Paul III (1534–1549) proved to be a turning point in the reform of the papacy. Raised in the lap of luxury, ...

1535, Paul took the audacious step of appointing a commission to study the church’s condition. The Reform Commission’s report in ...

The French Wars of Religion (1562–1598) Religion was the engine that drove the French civil wars of the sixteenth century. Conce ...

Most Catholic King. Philip’s attempt to strengthen his control in the Netherlands, which consisted of seven- teen provinces (mod ...

Intelligent, cautious, and self-confident, Elizabeth moved quickly to solve the difficult religious problem she inherited from h ...