Calendars in Antiquity. Empires, States, and Societies

were given by Antony to Cleopatra, probably in 37/36BCE;^152 but soon after, with the fall of Cleopatra, Gaza was given by Augus ...

spread of the Julian calendar was almost conterminous, indeed, with that of the Roman Empire, and thus may be seen as a clear ma ...

Millar 1993: 407, 414–18), it is in this period that the change of calendar must surely have taken place.^161 It is significant ...

being annexed into the Roman Empire. Prior to this, the calendar in Dura had been lunar, as elsewhere in the Parthian Empire. Th ...

centuries (and not in Egypt).^167 It appears on its own in this later period in Greece (e.g. Argos, Corinth, Crete, Macedonia),^ ...

lunar calendars with Babylonian month-names remained in use among Aramaic-speakers in the Near East, in Parthian Mesopotamia as ...

Syriac sources outside the Roman Empire, e.g. in the Syriac Martyr Acts, can only be attributed to the spread of Christianity, a ...

Christian Easter (which frequently began before the equinox). The local lunar calendars of the Near East—of Christians, but perh ...

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6 Dissidence and Subversion: Gallic, Jewish, and Other Lunar Calendars in the Roman Empire All ancient calendars we have studied ...

‘subversion’that will be discussed in this chapter in relation to the Roman Empire were undoubtedly expressions of political res ...

particularly Athenian, heritage.^3 The lunar calendar may have been re- tained by the Jews for similar, conservative cultural re ...

(as opposed to the Macedonian calendars of Asia Minor and the Near East, which all adapted to the Julian calendar) suggests that ...

of the politically dominant—by diverting it, perverting it, and distorting it— and control it by striving to possess it.^9 Speci ...

have survived,^11 it can be reasonably reconstructed as a cycle offive years or 62 months, with 29- and 30-day months occurring ...

subsequent month of Elembiv implies arguably that Equos only had 28 days.^15 A month length of 28 days, unusual (though not impo ...

calendar scheme or as a cycle.^20 Even if it does mean a 30-year cycle, there is no reason to assume that Pliny is referring to ...

five-year calendar, and hence the effective loss of lunar synchronism, would have been deemed a worthwhile sacrifice for the sak ...

possible to suggest even further that the Coligny inscription was not used at all as afixed calendar, but only served as an abst ...

imitates, in its concept and design, the Roman tradition of monumental calendar inscriptions.^29 Another important indication th ...