The \'German Spirit\' in the Ottoman and Turkish Army, 1908-1938. A History of Military Knowledge Transfer - Gerhard Grüßhaber

giftoforation”inthecrowdedbeerhalls.¹⁵⁴Afterthepublicationofthosearti- cles,heevenmetAdolfHitlerinpersonandwasimpressedbythisman ...

obeys[Lossow’sorders]wouldbemoreappropriatethananImperialambassa- dor.”¹⁵⁷ Lossowcontinuedtoexhibitthisattitudewhileservingasthe ...

theHeimatlandperiodicalandadvocatedtofollowTurkey’sexample.Though,as inhispreviouslettertotheReichsarchivonwartimeevents,Lossows ...

orientationtowardsanactivepoliticalroleofthemilitarywithinthestate.Hans vonSeeckthadremainedloyaltothegovernment.FriedrichKreßvo ...

InthecaseofGeneralMittelberger,thecoincidenceofhisleavingtoTurkey with theNational Socialists comingtopowerisstriking.Mittelberg ...

possible.AsexplainedbyaBritishairforceinstructor,theTurkisharmycould avoidthe problem ofthis formerextensionof theGerman foreign ...

theGermanauthoritiesthattheTurkishstaterefusedtopayhispensiondueto hishostilepublicationsuntilhefinallyreceivedahigherone.¹⁷⁶ Th ...

sassininitspreliminarystageinordertopreventpossibleincriminatingwitness accountsofformerGermanofficerswhohadservedintheOttomanar ...

time.¹⁸⁶ThesamewastruefortheFrenchoccupationforceinSyria.However,the Westernborderwasthemainlineofdefence.Asaconsequenceoftheins ...

nation-buildingproject.¹⁹¹ThisstatementalsoindicatedMustafaKemalpointing tothethirdtaskfortheTurkisharmedforces,namely,thedefens ...

sacrificeforthegreatergood.Thisspirithadtobepreservedintherepublicanarmy[...]The salvationofGermanyinitsinteriorfragmentationand ...

modernizationandsecularnationalism”.¹⁹⁸TheformerGeneralMustafaKemal hadaclearvisioninthisregard: “Oursoldierscometothebarracksas ...

army,IamspeakingoftheintelligentsiaoftheTurkishnationwhoarethetrueownersofthis country.[...]TheTurkishnation[...]considersitsarm ...

commandwasawarethattheFrencharmyalsoassistedtheformerenemyonthe othershoreoftheAegeanSea.²⁰⁷ Thefirstinofficial‘headʼoftheGerman ...

structionsthatstayedabreastofthewartimechanges.Forthisreason,thedistin- guishedGermanstaffofficerswerehired.TheheadoftheTurkishG ...

ThecoursesmentionedbyBraunwereintenseforbothsides.Inalltheclasses,a Turkishinterpreter,inmanycasesolderofficerswhohadservedinthe ...

“[I]nthetoneofcommandthereisstillsomeschematismandpendantismvisible,accord- ingtotheFrenchexample[...][however,someTurkishcomman ...

TheMittelbergerEra,1 933 – 1939 HilmarRittervonMittelbergerarrivedinIstanbulattheendofFebruaryin 1933. TheretiredGeneraladmitted ...

peculiaritiesofthepeople.MysuggestiontowriteTurkishweaponandcombatregulations basedonGermanprinciples,undertakenbyacommissionwhe ...

andschoolastheprimarystagesfornationalandpatrioticeducationwerenot mentionedintheGermanoriginal,theyplayedaprominentroleintheTur ...