Medieval France. An Encyclopedia

CHRISTINE DE PIZAN (ca. 1364–ca. 1430). France’s first woman of letters was in fact born in Italy, where her father, Tommaso de ...

The year 1405 marked a turning point in France’s affairs, an open break between the political ambitions of the dukes of Orléans ...

CHRISTMAS OCTAVE . See LITURGICAL YEAR CHRODEGANG OF METZ (d. 766). A member of the Frankish royal court under Charles Martel an ...

The apsidal east end of the basilica was slightly elevated and enclosed by waist-high stone partitions called cancelli, creating ...

Krautheimer, Richard. Early Christian and Byzantine Architecture. 4th ed. with Slobodan Curcic. London: Penguin, 1986. Mathews, ...

CISTERCIAN ART AND ARCHITECTURE . The Cistercians produced art that reflects the purpose of their order, which was to revive the ...

standards, so that Cistercian art in France adopts regional styles and becomes more elaborate in the progression from Romanesque ...

Nave of the Cistercian abbey church of Le Thoronet. 12th century. Photograph courtesy of Whitney S.Stoddard. ings are rationally ...

surrounded by scenes from Christ’s life, were also used. Stained glass was in the grisaille technique without color. Cistercian ...

received was organized into granges. The monks tried to practice direct cultivation of their fields, rather than relying on the ...

waterways, dominating the trade and commerce of the region. The cités provided the political, social, economic, and religious fo ...

Pressouyre, Léon, and Terryl N.Kinder, eds. Saint Bernard et le monde cistercien. Paris: CNMHS, 1992. CIVRAY . The squat, four-b ...

tory of Virtue over Vice. The right arch shows the legend of St. Nicolas saving three women from prostitution and representation ...

bishop of Turin by Louis the Pious ca. 818. Almost immediately, he began a war of words against the cult of relics he found flou ...

Flotzinger, Rudolf. Der Discantussatz im Magnus Liber und seiner Nachfolge. Vienna: Böhlaus, 1969. Smith, Norman E. “Some Except ...

compliant to most of Philip’s wishes. This compliance was based partly on the pope’s ill health and partly on Philip’s frequent ...

took pleasure in religious ceremonies and in preaching on state occasions. When the Black Death struck Avignon, however, the pop ...

that the laity always had been hostile to the clergy. Apologists for the lay powers would respond by denouncing the ambition and ...

Clermoni-Ferrand (Puy-de-Dôme), Notre-Dame, reconstructed plans of 10th-century chevet and crypt. After Ranquet. The Encyclopedi ...

Clermont-Ferrand, Notre-Dame-du- Port, nave elevation and section. After Losowska. Clermont-Ferrand, Notre-Dame-du- Port, south ...