Medieval France. An Encyclopedia

of Gaul,” the city was dominated by its bishops, who exercised the most effective political power throughout the Middle Ages. Al ...

[See also: CONQUES; CRUSADES; JEAN DESCHAMPS; PARIS; PHILIP II AUGUSTUS; PHILIP IV THE FAIR; ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE; SAINT- DEN ...

Cléry (Loiret), Notre-Dame, nave. Photograph: Clarence Ward Collection. Courtesy of Oberlin College. [See also: GOTHIC ARCHITECT ...

of those living in medieval France continued to be peasants, the producers of the food and fiber essential for maintaining thems ...

Le Roy Ladurie, Emmanuel. Times of Feast, Times of Famine: A History of Climate Since the Year 1000, trans. Barbara Bray. Garden ...

he returned to ducal favor but continued to annoy Jean IV and Jean V with litigation until his death on April 23, 1407, his seve ...

ringing devices. The new clocks quickly became objects of royal, noble, and municipal pride, either in the form of gigantic towe ...

After 600, he repeatedly tried and failed to take over Austrasia and Burgundy. But in 612, as Brunhilde fell from power, the mag ...

were bright and showy. Rich materials from the Byzantine East, combining Christian symbols and floral patterns in elaborate pict ...

By the 13th century, the bliaut was replaced by the surcot for both men and women, sometimes with short sleeves, but even sleeve ...

along with imitations of oriental silks that were fabricated in Lyon and Tours after the opening of fabric workshops there under ...

attempt at retrograde fashion in order to stay “a few steps behind” the Christian population and thus distinguish themselves. Ch ...

iron taps were affixed. There were open-toed and open-backed shoes, and in the case of heavier shoes or poor weather socks were ...

In the course of one of his battles against the Alemanni, at Zülpich (Tolbiac) in the mid-490s, Clovis converted to orthodox Chr ...

CLUNIAC ORDER . When Duke William I the Pious of Aquitaine (d. 918) and his wife founded the monastery of Cluny in 909, it was n ...

By the end of the 12th century, again in imitation of Cîteaux, Cluniac monasteries were for the first time being organized into ...

and ended in a long choir complex with stepped apses. The building was probably barrel- vaulted. The most influential abbot from ...

Nothing remains of Cluny II, but small churches like the nearby Chapaize (ca. 1050) and Romainmoutier in Switzerland (ca. 1080) ...

Cluny, abbey church, reconstructed view by Kenneth J.Conant. Courtesy of Medieval Academy of America. height of almost 100 feet ...

The exterior silhouette of the building was articulated by four principal bell towers, one square (over the crossing of the main ...