War by Revolution. Germany and Great Britain in the Middle East in the Era of World War I
XX WARBYREVOLUTION FO FOREIGNOFFICE TheBritishforeignministry,withheadquartersinLon- don.Alsousedintheendnotestodesignatecollect ...
ABBREVIATIONS XXI againsttheTurks,fromFebruary 1915 toJanuary1916.From mid-1916 to 1918 thedesignationsignifiedadifferentarmy, t ...
XXII WARBYREVOLUTION PRO PUBLICRECORDOFFICE[London] ThemainBritishgovernmentarchive. Alldocumentsfrom itcitedhereinarelocatedint ...
Introduction Britain, Germany, and the Middle East, ,87'-'904 "Todefeattheenemy,"a keyBritishofficialconcludedduring1915, inthem ...
2 WARBYREVOLUTION The British Empire,theSultan-Caliph,and Pan-Islamism By 1907 thelargestEuropeanempire,thatofBritain's,included ...
BRITAIN,GERMANY,ANDTHEMIDDLEEAST 3 limstodefendtheTurkishempireandcaliphateagainsttheinfidel, even bywagingholywar." Theextentto ...
4 WARBYREVOLUTION taint-astheTurksviewedit-ofsnatchinglandfromtheOttomans. Berlin,insharpcontrasttoBritain,ruledonlya fewoversea ...
Birjand., Meshed• Kerman. (J''-~ PERSIA .Shiraz Isfahan .Qum Kazvin Teheran Riyadh CqllCq. :S1l8~8 CASIA' N A J 0 ARABIA " ...
6 WARBYREVOLUTION IntheBismarckianview,theonlypossiblevalueofforeignpeoples, particularlyminorities,was inproducingproblemsfor a ...
BRITAIN,GERMANY,ANDTHEMIDDLEEAST 7 Britain'sunhappinesswithGermanyinTurkeyfirstemergedin themid-rscos.TheBritishdislikedBerlin's ...
8 WARBYREVOLUTION forthesecondtimeinnineyears toTurkey,whereheembracedpub- liclytheworldofIslamanditspeople.Thekaiser,accordingt ...
BRITAIN,GERMANY,ANDTHEMIDDLEEAST 9 tostrengthenhisruleoverdistantandrebelliousArabtribesnotonly inMesopotamiaandthePersianGulfbu ...
10 WARBYREVOLUTION ButWilhelm'sownactions,ifnotinDamascustheninJerusalem, clearlybeliedtheclaim.Heenteredtheholycity as aconquer ...
BRITAIN,GERMANY,ANDTHEMIDDLEEAST II scholarsstudyingtheOrient.AsGermany'srelationswithTurkey expanded,thisgroupfollowedotherEuro ...
12 WARBYREVOLUTION oppositionin theforeignministry.Throughtheappointmenthe hoped,albeitwithoutsuccess,to winadmissiontothepresti ...
BRITAIN,GERMANY,ANDTHEMIDDLEEAST 13 hemetMuhammadAbduh,anotedEgyptianandIslamicreformer, in1892.45 ForhissuperiorsinCairoandBerl ...
14 WARBYREVOLUTION anglophileministerFriedrichvonRosen,theministertoPortugal, andthelaterambassadorinConstantinople,BaronHansvon ...
BRITAIN,GERMANY,ANDTHEMIDDLEEAST 15 Mesopotamia,Persia,andtheGulfregioneconomically,andpossi- blythreatenIndia.>Britishfears ...
16 WARBYREVOLUTION defactointernationalacceptance.Notsurprisingly,Germanassent tothechangesinEgyptcameonlyin]uly1904,afterlongan ...
TheSpecterofMuslim Unrestand German Support,1905-1914 In a New Year's Eveletterin 1905 to hischancellor,shortlybeforethe crisis ...
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