God’s Playground. A History of Poland, Vol. 2. 1795 to the Present
EDUCATION AND THE CULTURAL HERITAGE 175 lapping sub-cultures. The first of these was 'popular' or 'peasant' culture (kul- tura l ...
9. ZYDZI: The Jewish Community In the centuries preceding the Partitions, the Polish-Lithuanian Republic had progressively attra ...
THE JEWISH COMMUNITY 177 both Frederick the Great and Maria Theresa began by expelling numerous poor Jews back into Poland in a ...
I78 ZYDZI Map 7. The Jewish Pale of Settlement in the Russian Empire be registered, they needed to be given surnames. In Austria ...
THE JEWISH COMMUNITY 179 Weingartens, Goldfarbs, Silbersteins, Schwartzkopfs, and Weissmanns. In the Russian Pale, the Jews freq ...
180 ZYDZI Political and cultural disintegration proceeded apace. In a world where tradi- tional structures were visibly crumblin ...
THE JEWISH COMMUNITY 181 Moses Mendelssohn, it sought to modify the exclusively religious content of Jewish education and to int ...
182 ZYDZI promoting Polish-Jewish understanding. In the political crisis of 1861-2, vividly portrayed in Kraszewski's novels Dzi ...
THE JEWISH COMMUNITY 183 ilim poets. Prominent among them was Jehudeh Loeb Gordon (1830-92) of Vilna, whose poem Hakitzab Ammi ( ...
184 ZYDZI confined to a marginal intellectual elite; whereas the later educational and publishing ventures in Yiddish were direc ...
THE JEWISH COMMUNITY 185 concept of practical Zionism' and supplied many of the earliest recruits for the first Jewish colonies ...
186 ZYDZI It is all too common, in fact, to exaggerate the influence of new ideas on the ghetto communities of Eastern Europe. U ...
THE JEWISH COMMUNITY 187 Commissar of Foreign Affairs, who was born at Bialystok, or Roza Luksemberg (Luxemburg) (1870-1919), bo ...
188 2YDZI element. Yet in Polish-speaking society at large, assimilated Jews formed only a modest minority. For social reasons, ...
THE JEWISH COMMUNITY 189 To these ingredients, let us add Yiddish, the long black coat, and early marriages. Let us sugar it all ...
190 2YDZI government. In May 1919, the first Congress of Poles of the Jewish Confession, widely reported in the Polish press, re ...
THE JEWISH COMMUNITY 191 diminished the opportunities for traditional Jewish businesses. Unassimilated Jews were not welcome in ...
192 ZYDZI Germany or the Fascists in Italy: they were old-fashioned reactionaries. They were active in organising economic boyco ...
THE JEWISH COMMUNITY 193 ing 'on the edge of the destruction', or who quote a Warsaw rabbi to the effect that 'We were waiting f ...
194 ZYDZI by SS guards who surrounded all the Nazi-built ghettoes. Segregation precluded large-scale assistance. It is not impos ...
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