Encyclopedia of the Renaissance and the Reformation

was captured in 476 by the Visigoths and in 712 by the Moors. Alfonso I of Aragon (reigned 1104–34) expelled the Moors in 1118. ...

engraving showing a shark, armadillo, polar bear, spoon- bill, and assorted smaller birds, fish, and reptiles displayed amid min ...

described in Genesis and were linked with man as con- stituents of the great CHAIN OF BEING. How then, it was asked, did the alp ...

By this time too Zwingli had begun to develop his characteristic Eucharistic doctrine, which diverged signif- icantly from that ...

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The following table lists key events in European politics, religion, science, and culture dur- ing the period 1300–1620. There i ...

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CChhrroonnoollooggyy 5 51177 1300 Edward I of England invades Scotland 1301 Dante exiled from Florence 1302 Flemings defeat Fren ...

551188 CChhrroonnoollooggyy 1346 English defeat French at Crécy 1347 Plague reaches Italy 1348 Black Death in England 1351 Züric ...

CChhrroonnoollooggyy 5 51199 1389 Turks defeat Serbs at Kosovo 1396 Turks complete conquest of Bulgaria 1397 Union of Kalmar uni ...

552200 CChhrroonnoollooggyy 1435 Congress of Arras allies Burgundy with France 1444 Turks defeat Poles at Varna 1447 Ambrosian R ...

CChhrroonnoollooggyy 5 52211 Secular Events Religion Rulers Sciences Arts and Literature 1462 Castilians capture Gibraltar from ...

552222 CChhrroonnoollooggyy Columbus lands in New World 1494 Charles VIII of France invades Italy; Medici expelled from Florence ...

CChhrroonnoollooggyy 5 52233 1512 Medici restored in Florence 1513 English defeat French at battle of the Spurs and Scots at Flo ...

552244 CChhrroonnoollooggyy 1534 Barbarossa captures Tunis 1535 Battle of Tunis 1536 French occupy Savoy-Piedmont; Cartier claim ...

CChhrroonnoollooggyy 5 52255 1555 Spaniards capture Siena; Muscovy Company granted royal charter 1557 Battle of St. Quentin 1558 ...

552266 CChhrroonnoollooggyy 1568 Tribunal of Blood 1569 Union of Lublin unites Poland and Lithuania 1571 Battle of Lepanto 1572 ...

CChhrroonnoollooggyy 5 52277 1590 Henry IV defeats Catholic forces at Ivry; Paris besieged 1594 Philip II of Spain closes port o ...

552288 CChhrroonnoollooggyy 1611 War of Kalmar between Denmark and Sweden 1617 War between Sweden and Poland 1618 Defenestration ...

Francis Ames-Lewis, The Intellectual Life of the Early Re- naissance Artist (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2000) Fred ...