Encyclopedia of the Renaissance and the Reformation

left when he realized it did not lead to a strait. He contin- ued north to Newfoundland before admitting defeat and returning ho ...

Mazzei and Their Contribution to the Conception of the New World (San Francisco, Calif.: Marin, 1999). vestments The ceremonial ...

favor traditional vestments and did their best to suppress them; in 1566 Archbishop Matthew PARKER’s Advertise- ments ruled that ...

comprise 20 Masses, 52 motets, and many other liturgical pieces. His works are in a style as sophisticated as PALEST- RINA’s, wh ...

delle cinque ordini d’architettura (1562). The ideals ex- pressed in this work, which was translated into most Eu- ropean langua ...

countless Renaissance imitations in Latin and in the ver- naculars. Theocritus, who was virtually rediscovered in the early 15th ...

Vitruvius Pollio (active c. 50–26 BCE) Roman military engineer Vitruvius is important as the author of De architectura, the only ...

Vittoria, Alessandro (1525–1608) Italian sculptor A native of Trent (Trento) in northern Italy, Vittoria was active after 1543 c ...

He is reputed to have worked at Venice in the studio of Tintoretto as an assistant in the painting of landscapes. In 1558 he ret ...

waggoners Navigational guides containing charts and sailing instructions. The word is an English corruption of the Dutch name “w ...

Wars of Religion (French) See RELIGION, (FRENCH) WARS OF Wassenhove, Joos van See JUSTUS OF GHENT watches The first watches appe ...

which can be traced to the influence of PARACELSUS. He himself influenced Jakob BOEHME. Although his writings, and those ascribe ...

Tuscan format of the Trecento, but is innovative in its jux- taposition of half-length figures against a landscape back- ground— ...

choirs and set a tradition for polychoral music in St. Mark’s. As a madrigalist Willaert paid great attention to the text. His c ...

Sprenger and Heinrich Krämer, who had been authorized by papal bull in 1484 to suppress witchcraft in the Rhineland. Witch-hunti ...

continued to be the capital of Saxony until 1547, when the electorate passed to the Albertine line of the house of Wet- tin. The ...

woodcuts Woodcut is a relief printing process in which an image is printed from a block of wood onto a sheet of paper, in much t ...

tipapal writings and was outlawed. At the same diet, the estates agreed to the establishment of a government coun- cil (Reichsre ...

worth, but continued to write, maintaining a stream of invective against his enemies. In these years he also insti- gated the fi ...

Xavier, St. Francis See FRANCIS XAVIER, ST Ximénes de Cisneros, Cardinal Francisco (1436– 1517) Spanish churchman, politician, a ...