A Short History of the Middle Ages Fourth Edition

sanctifying grace. With the sacraments, one achieved salvation. Cut off from the sacraments (by anathema, excommunication, or in ...

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Appendix: Lists Late Roman Emperors (Usurpers in Italics) Maximinus Thrax (235–238) Gordian I (238) Gordian II (238) Balbinus an ...

SECOND TETRARCHY: Constantius I (Augustus) (305–306) Galerius (Augustus) (305–306) Severus II (Caesar) (305–306) Maximin (Caesar ...

(Stilicho regent) (395–408) Theodosius II (408–450) Constantius III (421) John (423–425) Valentian III (425–455) Marcian (450–45 ...

Anastasius II (713–715) Theodosius III (715–717) Leo III (717–741) Constantine V (741–775) Leo IV (775–780) Constantine VI (780– ...

Michael VII (1071–1078) Nicephorus III (1078–1081) COMNENIAN DYNASTY (1081–1185) Alexius I (1081–1118) John II (1118–1143) Manue ...

Clement I (88–97 or 92–101) Evaristus (c.97–c.107) Alexander I (105–115 or 109–119) Sixtus I (c.115–c.125) Telesphorus (c.125–c. ...

Ursinus (366–367) Siricius (384–399) Anastasius I (399–401) Innocent I (401–417) Zosimus (417–418) Boniface I (418–422) Eulalius ...

Severinus (640) John IV (640–642) Theodore I (642–649) Martin I (649–655) Eugenius I (654–657) Vitalian (657–672) Adeodatus II ( ...

Leo IV (847–855) Benedict III (855–858) Anastasius (Anastasius the Librarian) (855) Nicholas I (858–867) Adrian II (867–872) Joh ...

Boniface VII (2nd time) (984–985) John XV (or XVI) (985–996) Gregory V (996–999) John XVI (or XVII) (997–998) Sylvester II (999– ...

Celestine (II) (1124) Innocent II (1130–1143) Anacletus (II) (1130–1138) Victor (IV) (1138) Celestine II (1143–1144) Lucius II ( ...

Benedict IX (1303–1304) Clement V (at Avignon, from 1309) (1305–1314) John XXII (at Avignon) (1316–1334) Nicholas (V) (at Rome) ...

UMAYYADS Mu‘awiyah I (661–680) Yazid I (680–683) Mu‘awiyah II (683–684) Marwan I (684–685) ‘Abd al-Malik (685–705) al-Walid I (7 ...

al-Qahir (932–934) al-Radi (934–940) FATIMIDS ‘Ubayd Allah (al-Mahdi) (909–934) al-Qa’im (934–946) al-Mansur (946–953) al-Mu‘izz ...

Sources Maps 1.4 Tours, c.600. Copyright © Henri Galinié. 3.1 The Byzantine and Bulgarian Empires, c.920. Mark Whittow, “Imperia ...

Resource, NY. 1.3 A City Scene, Boscoreale (1st cent. BCE). Cubiculum (bedroom) from the Villa of P. Fannius Synistor at Boscore ...

Vitale, 6th century AD, Ravenna, Italy. Reprinted by permission of Alfredo Dagli Orti / The Art Archive at Art Resource, NY. 2.1 ...

Le prophete Ezechiel dans la vallée des ossements (879–882), fol. 438v. Reproduced by permission of the Bibliothèque nationale d ...