A History of Latin America

184 PART TWO covering up every crime and outrage with the word civilization” and pointedly referred to Sarmiento’s war against n ...

LATIN AMERICA IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY 185 The record of Latin American slavery in the nineteenth century, it should be noted, ...

186 PART TWO of managing their estates to others, but the writer accurately identifi ed this grad- ual Europeanization of elites ...

LATIN AMERICA IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY 187 After 1880 European immigrants swarmed into Argentina, Uruguay, and Brazil and, in l ...

188 PART TWO their fortunes by commerce or speculation. Their children or grandchildren took care to camoufl age the origins of ...

LATIN AMERICA IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY 189 wife,” she wrote. “Woman is the proletariat of the proletariat.” She also presaged t ...

190 PART TWO Occasionally, governments exercised this right. In the 1820s clerical and con- servative opposition forced the libe ...

LATIN AMERICA IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY 191 for Latin American staples remained far below expectations. Free trade brought incre ...

192 PART TWO of dependency, or colonialism, had arisen, called neocolonialism, with Great Britain and later the United States re ...

193
9 Decolonization and the Search for National Identities, 1821–1870 FOCUS QUESTIONS How did the wars of independence affec ...

194 CHAPTER 9 DECOLONIZATION AND THE SEARCH FOR NATIONAL IDENTITIES, 1821–1870 the agencies of Spanish rule—viceroys, audien- ci ...

THE FRUITS OF INDEPENDENCE 195 gained control of the all-important customhouse (which collected duties on imports and exports) a ...

196 CHAPTER 9 DECOLONIZATION AND THE SEARCH FOR NATIONAL IDENTITIES, 1821–1870 social and occupational cleavage, complicating th ...

MEXICO 197 Nonetheless, the great hacienda continued to dominate the countryside in many areas. Al- though indigenous villages m ...

198 CHAPTER 9 DECOLONIZATION AND THE SEARCH FOR NATIONAL IDENTITIES, 1821–1870 Santiago Bahia Quito San Antonio Caracas Guatemal ...

MEXICO 199 capitalism. By 1843 the Banco de Avío had to close its doors for lack of funds. The Mexican economy, therefore, conti ...

200 CHAPTER 9 DECOLONIZATION AND THE SEARCH FOR NATIONAL IDENTITIES, 1821–1870 to increase the prosperity of the interior by lin ...

MEXICO 201 Rejón’s fears concerning the treatment of Mex- ican citizens in the newly annexed territories were soon justifi ed. T ...

202 CHAPTER 9 DECOLONIZATION AND THE SEARCH FOR NATIONAL IDENTITIES, 1821–1870 One of Juárez’s fi rst offi cial acts was to issu ...

MEXICO 203 and proceeded to buy it at auction for paltry sums. The law provided that the native owners should have the fi rst op ...