A History of Latin America

164 CHAPTER 8 THE INDEPENDENCE OF LATIN AMERICA Spanish hacendados. But the majority of the popu- lation remained neutral, fl ee ...

THE LIBERATION OF SOUTH AMERICA 165 Despite the imminent threat of a Spanish invasion, the provinces quarreled with each other a ...

166 CHAPTER 8 THE INDEPENDENCE OF LATIN AMERICA Colombia envisaged striking a heavy blow at Span- ish forces from a completely u ...

THE LIBERATION OF SOUTH AMERICA 167 remained in Spanish hands until 1814, when it fell to an Argentine siege. The junta met even ...

168 CHAPTER 8 THE INDEPENDENCE OF LATIN AMERICA and the United States and engaged a competent though eccentric naval offi cer, T ...

THE LIBERATION OF SOUTH AMERICA 169 O’Higgins was on the verge of collapse. In Buenos Aires the people seemed to have forgotten ...

170 CHAPTER 8 THE INDEPENDENCE OF LATIN AMERICA with the court and who competed with Brazilians for jobs and favors. Portuguese ...

MEXICO’S ROAD TO INDEPENDENCE 171 (the clergy’s privilege of exemption from civil courts); free trade; and measures to promote t ...

172 CHAPTER 8 THE INDEPENDENCE OF LATIN AMERICA raising troops, Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, a priest in the town of Dolores and o ...

MEXICO’S ROAD TO INDEPENDENCE 173 cial revolution. On the other hand, these reforms did not go far enough to redress the fundame ...

174 CHAPTER 8 THE INDEPENDENCE OF LATIN AMERICA land reform. In a “plan” found among his papers, he proposed the division of all ...

MEXICO’S ROAD TO INDEPENDENCE 175 solution that would have retained ties with Spain but granted New Spain and the other American ...

176 CHAPTER 8 THE INDEPENDENCE OF LATIN AMERICA Jesus, born on a small cattle- and cotton-raising ranch in the province of Bahia ...

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178 PART TWO

1823 Rise of liberal republics in independent Spanish America 1829–1852 Establishment of Juan Manuel de Rosas’s ...

179 Latin America in the Nineteenth Century Coff ee Plantation, 1935, by Candido Portinari/Museo Nacional Bellas Artes, Rio de J ...

180 PART TWO struggle to achieve economic and political stability. They faced immense obsta- cles, for independence was not acco ...

LATIN AMERICA IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY 181 these communal traditions constituted as much of an obstacle to progress as the Span ...

182 PART TWO themselves. To the limited extent that public schools entered their regions, they contributed to the adoption of Sp ...

LATIN AMERICA IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY 183 Juan Alvarez in Mexico, and such talented leaders as Juan José Flores of Ecuador, An ...