A History of Latin America

224 CHAPTER 10 RACE, NATION, AND THE MEANING OF FREEDOM, 1821–1888 While the army tried to restore order on the battlefi eld, mo ...

BRAZIL 225 their roles seriously in this parody of democ- racy because of the personal advantage they derive therefrom. Suppress ...

226 CHAPTER 10 RACE, NATION, AND THE MEANING OF FREEDOM, 1821–1888 of color—not to mention slaves themselves—all of whom demande ...

BRAZIL 227 on the sertanejos (inhabitants of the interior), poor whites and mixed-race people, who lived on the fringes of the p ...

228 CHAPTER 10 RACE, NATION, AND THE MEANING OF FREEDOM, 1821–1888 Brazil made more economic progress in a few years than it had ...

PERU 229 PERUVIAN POLITICS AND ECONOMY Peru’s backward, stagnant economy, the profound cleavage between the sierra and the coast ...

230 CHAPTER 10 RACE, NATION, AND THE MEANING OF FREEDOM, 1821–1888 large infl ows of foreign capital. As a result, exports of co ...

CUBA 231 The economic collapse was followed by a military disaster: the War of the Pacifi c. Despite heroic resis- tance, Peru s ...

232 CHAPTER 10 RACE, NATION, AND THE MEANING OF FREEDOM, 1821–1888 By 1820 the fi rst of a series of technological in- novations ...

CUBA 233 slaved Africans. In 1827 there were 1,000 mills; by 1846 there were 1,442; and by 1860 there were 2,000. During the fi ...

234 CHAPTER 10 RACE, NATION, AND THE MEANING OF FREEDOM, 1821–1888 of the Afro-Cuban demand for freedom from Spain and slave mas ...

GRAN COLOMBIA 235 competition among centrales for cane, a condition previously unknown because of transportation limitations, re ...

236 CHAPTER 10 RACE, NATION, AND THE MEANING OF FREEDOM, 1821–1888 thereby refused to allow them to develop into ma- ture adults ...

GRAN COLOMBIA 237 The movement to abolish slavery offers a pow- erful example of this negotiation among creole elites and betwee ...

238 CHAPTER 10 RACE, NATION, AND THE MEANING OF FREEDOM, 1821–1888 royalist estates and public lands by a small group of militar ...

GRAN COLOMBIA 239 found him guilty of instigating the revolutionary movements, and sentenced him to death. By 1854 popular unres ...

240 CHAPTER 10 RACE, NATION, AND THE MEANING OF FREEDOM, 1821–1888 all free males who were married or aged twenty- one and were ...

GRAN COLOMBIA 241 men to create a cross-class, multiracial coalition dedicated to immediate emancipation. Some black freedmen ev ...

242 CHAPTER 10 RACE, NATION, AND THE MEANING OF FREEDOM, 1821–1888 Colombia, and Venezuela defi ned their respective national id ...

FOCUS QUESTIONS What was neocolonialism, and what were its characteristic economic and politi- cal features? What role did the ...