The Russian Empire 1450–1801

retained their nomadic life style and status asiasakpeople well into the nineteenth century. Russia was less able to subdue the ...

protecting Russian settlers, fortifying the border against runawaysfleeing the empire. Robust communities of Cossacks existed on ...

peopleflocked to this fertile farmland: Orthodox Slavs (Russians, Ukrainians), foreign prisoners of war (Lithuanians and Swedes) ...

Already in the sixteenth century the steppe above and the valleys of the Terek and Kuban Rivers were the domain of Cossacks who ...

Although Russia’s expansion into the Caucasus was aimed at its pivotal econom- ic location, the area posed a persistent ethical ...

urban community, Astrakhan enjoyed populations of Armenian, Tatar, and Indian international traders, each group with its own rig ...

1721 Russia put the Host under the administration of the Military College and created a Chancery of Elders to improve communicat ...

Russia’s imperial expansion eastward and into the steppe required“middle ground”intermediaries to accomplish the task of control ...

Nicola Di Cosmo, Allen J. Frank, and Peter B. Golden, eds.,The Cambridge History of Inner Asia: The Chinggisid Age(Cambridge: Ca ...

5 Western Borderlands in the Eighteenth Century The eighteenth century witnessed breath-taking expansion westward and south to t ...

SWEDEN DENMARK PRUSSIA, GERMAN STATES ARKHANGELSK OLONETS VOLOGDA NOVGOROD TVER SMOLENSK PT.S ETE BSR GRU PSKOV St. Petersburg M ...

Hetmanate, the Cossack officer elite (starshyna) dominated the farming, livestock, and trading economy; social tensions arose be ...

across the century. Nevertheless from the 1730s Russia began to limit the register of Sloboda Cossacks, push lesser Cossacks int ...

and artsflourished here, particularly Polish-influenced baroque architecture in cathedrals, town halls, and noble estates. Its U ...

Hetmanate and stands as a sharp contrast to the Russian empire’s inability to codify its own laws despite efforts by Peter I and ...

remained the norm, under the influence of Polish property laws, and communities relied on communal institutions to regulate acce ...

intellectuals, some of whom served in St. Petersburg. Left Bank Ukraine produced many fine writers, dramatists, and historians, ...

elites, émigré Russian noblemen, and religious institutions, continued in the baroque manner popular in Hetman Ivan Mazepa’s tim ...

into the regular army. With the outbreak of war with the Ottoman empire in 1787 and Sweden in 1788, conscription of all taxpayer ...

political power and institutions) those of the Polish nobility, local boards ennobled upwards of 25,000 Cossacks and Ruthenian g ...