The Russian Empire 1450–1801
the Commonwealth lived primarily in towns, but in the seventeenth century many moved with Polish gentry to Ukrainian lands to wo ...
theological polemics with their Catholic opponents. In 1632 the Polish king relented and legalized Orthodoxy again, but the prob ...
half-century of warfare known in Ukrainian history as the“Ruin,”in Polish history as the“Deluge”and in Jewish history as the“Aby ...
independent Zaporozhian Sich; thousands of Ruthenian peasants and Cossacks fled to both during decades of chaos. Right Bank Ukra ...
authored school dramas that celebrated Cossack history and Hetman Ivan Mazepa. Mazepa himself was a graduate of the Mohyla, as w ...
the Moscow patriarch (others in the Right Bank had gone to the Union). But the Kyiv metropolitan initially was guaranteed autono ...
on Russia’s historical expansion but much of their attention has been focused on the restless movement of the Russian peasant hi ...
condescending to their rude culture, keeping them trapped in an antiquated agrarian economy. Etkind and others, in highlighting ...
in Eurasian History(London, New York: Routledge, 2007), 61–77; Janet Martin,“Tatar Pomeshchiki in Muscovy 1560s–70s,”in Gyula Sz ...
York: Oxford University Press, 2001); Frank E. Sysyn,Between Poland and the Ukraine: The Dilemma of Adam Kysil, 1600– 1653 (Camb ...
4 Eighteenth-Century Expansion Siberia and Steppe Russia’s great century of empire was transformative in size and diversity. Fro ...
pushing north and east, following sables and other luxury furs. In addition, Peter I commissioned exploration into Kamchatka, al ...
conscription among the Buriats. While Russia continued to apply a politics of difference model here, leaving most native institu ...
Perm Salikamsk Verkhotur’e Ekaterinburg Gur’ev Tiumen Cheliabinsk laik (Ural’sk) Orenburg Ufa Kungur Troitsk Orsk Tobolsk Ta r a ...
where the wooded steppe transitioned into steppe. Through thefirst half of the century Russians and Middle Volga peoples had pus ...
eighteenth century. In the Middle Volga most wereiasakpayers—the Chuvash, Cheremis/Mari, and Votiaks/Udmurty in the forest, and ...
The Russian approach in Bashkiria was similar to that in the Middle Volga; the goal was to displace the native landed elite and ...
children were killed, sent to hard labor, or enrolled in infantry service around the empire. This is estimated at 12–14 percent ...
Middle Volga peoples, poorer Bashkirs and others were not turned into state peasants (with poll tax and recruitment); they paidi ...
Bashkirs, 94,000 East Slavic peasants, 60,000 nobles, 10,000 retired soldiers, and 49,000 Cossack troops. Thus the Bashkirs clun ...
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