Medical Microbiology

394 7 GeneralVirology LatentInfection Inthisinfectiontype,thevirus(oritsgenome)isintegratedinacell,butnoviral progeniesareproduc ...

Host-CellReactions 395 Oncogenes Over 100 oncgenes(so-called“oncogenes”)havebeenfoundinthecourseof tumorvirologyresearchtodate.T ...

396 7 GeneralVirology position,theLTRcanalsoinduceheightenedexpressivityincellularproto- oncogenes(“promoterinsertionhypothesis” ...

Pathogenesis 397 festation.Immunologicalresponsescancontributetoeliminationofthe virusesbydestroyingtheinfectedcells,butthesamer ...

398 7 GeneralVirology Clinicalsymptomsintheseinfectionsfirstariseinthetargetorganssuchas theCNS(polioviruses,echoviruses)ormuscu ...

DefenseMechanisms 399 Antibody-DependentEnhancementofViralInfection Thediseaseprocesscanalsobeworsenedwhenvirusesreactwithsubneu ...

400 7 GeneralVirology NonspecificImmuneDefenses Thenonspecificimmunedefensemechanismsareactivatedimmediately whenpathogenspenetr ...

DefenseMechanisms 401 substanceshavethesameeffect:theyderepressthecellularinterferongene, inducingthecelltobeginproducinginterfe ...

402 7 GeneralVirology responseandvirusesthatdonotchangetheantigenicityoftheirhostcells tendtoactivatethehumoralsystem. Humoralim ...

Prevention 403 Therearetwobasictypesofvaccines: Activeimmunization.Inthismethod,theantigen(virus)isintroducedinto thebody,either ...

404 7 GeneralVirology afteraninfectionorinsituationsinvolvingahighriskofinfection,e.g., toprotectagainsthepatitisBandrabies(loca ...

LaboratoryDiagnosis 405 formationforproteinstobesynthesizedbythecell.Thiscloseassociation betweenvirusesandtheirhostcellsisasour ...

406 7 GeneralVirology laboratorydiagnosticsarejustifiediffurthertreatmentofthepatientwould beinfluencedbyanetiologicaldiagnosiso ...

LaboratoryDiagnosis 407 CellCultures Agreatmajorityofvirusescanbegrowninthemanytypesofhumanoranimalcells availableforculture.So- ...

408 7 GeneralVirology Selectionofahostsystem.Thehostsystemtobeusedischosenbasedonthe suspected(andrelevant)virusinfectors.Observ ...

LaboratoryDiagnosis 409 zosterblisterscanbeviewedundertheelectronmicroscope(EM).Itmustbe remembered,however,thattheEMislesssensi ...

410 7 GeneralVirology PolymeraseChainReaction Separation of the double strand by application of heat Primer- ( ) dependent synth ...

LaboratoryDiagnosis 411 copiedwithanaddedpolymerase,wherebytheoligonucleotidesactasprim- ers.Thenewandoldstrandsareonceagainsepa ...

8 VirusesasHumanPathogen K.A.Bienz DNAViruses ViruseswithSingle-StrandedDNAGenomes Thegroupsofviruseswithsingle-strandedDNAgenom ...

DNAViruses 413 tiosum(“slapped-cheeksyndrome”or“fifthdisease”).Thischildhooddis- ease,whichusedtobeclassifiedasatypicalmeasles,i ...