Encyclopedia of Islam

curricula were designed to inculcate students with a sense of patriotism as well as knowledge and training needed to find employ ...

makes it about the size of Texas and New Mexico combined. Egypt is said to be “the gift of the Nile,” the great African river th ...

was to change Egypt’s history. Muhammad Ali (r. 1805–49), determined to build a European-style military to defend his rule, bega ...

Eid See holidays; id al-adha; id al-fitr. Emigrants (Arabic: muhajirun) The emigration, or hiJra, of mUhammad and his first foll ...

with God’s creation of the universe, and all expect an end to human history to come at a time of God’s choosing. The end, accord ...

and the capacity to do good, the nature of good and evil, motivations for moral action, the under- lying principles governing mo ...

right and forbid what is reprehensible. They are the ones who will prosper” (Q 3:104, cf. 9:7). Such statements are closely conn ...

conducted in the marketplace. Alongside this, the juridical construction of morality, there was also a culture of refined behavi ...

Sicily, Malta, and Syracuse from 827 until the Norman conquests in 1090–91. Islamic rule lasted longest in Iberia, reaching its ...

first university. The Muslim rulers of Andalusia and Sicily lavishly patronized artists, philoso- phers, and scientists. Muslims ...

cultural confrontation. Veiling and the status of Muslim Women in secular society have been par- ticularly divisive issues. To v ...

in the languages of these cultures. In Arabic, it can be al-ayn, “the eye,” al-nazra, “the look,” or al-hasad, “envy.” In Persia ...

222 J:AF Fadlallah, Muhammad Husayn (1935– ) militant Shii religious leader and spokesman for the Hizbullah organization in Leba ...

Arafat’s palestine liberation organization. In recent years, he has come to be regarded by many as the “spiritual leader” of the ...

elation and in opposition to the hypocrisy (nifaq) of those who only pretend to be true believers (for example, Q 3:90–91, 167; ...

(poetics), politics, religion, and jurisprudence, as it lays down the rules of reasoning peculiar to these respective domains (h ...

1996); Majid Fakhry, Al-Farabi: Founder of Islamic Neo- platonism (Oxford: Oneworld, 2002); Oliver Leaman, An Introduction to Cl ...

tions. Greatly influenced by the founder, Elijah Muhammad’s, teachings, Farrakhan put his musi- cal interests aside and became a ...

Muslims, mostly Shia, also fast on Tuesdays and Thursdays throughout the year, but especially during the months of Shaaban and R ...

good works, we will not let go astray the reward of those who do beautiful things” (Q 18:29–30). al-hasan al-basri (d. 728), rem ...