Encyclopedia of Islam

practicing Muslims around the world have con- sistently memorized and recited it (usually in Arabic) for centuries, regardless o ...

in Shii literature, Fatima is compared to Mary the mother of JesUs because of the violent deaths suffered by each of their sons. ...

The Fatimid dynasty’s most memorable ruler was the caliph al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah (r. 996– 1021), who built a monumental mosque an ...

In 1171, the last Fatimid caliph, al-Adid, was overthrown by a Kurdish commander, sala- din (1174–93), who became the sUlta n o ...

Europe and was named foreign minister after his return in 1919. Faysal played an active role in the Saudi conquest of the Arabia ...

The mawlid of the prophet mUhammad, which commemorates the days of his birth and death, is observed in many Muslim countries wit ...

Federation of Islamic Associations (acronym: FIA) One of the first organizations created to link dif- ferent Muslim groups in No ...

as the country’s cultural center. During the 20th century, the city’s political prominence was eclipsed by Rabat, and its econom ...

Muslim prisoners from their Christian captors. Later in the Middle Ages, the fedayeen were the dedicated followers of Hasan-i Sa ...

as recorded in the hadith. By the ninth century, Muslim jurists had developed a coherent Islamic legal tradition that was held t ...

According to jurists, the legal correctness of any activity was to be judged according to a scale of values. On the positive sid ...

Fire was composed of seven levels, each with its own distinctive name, such as “abyss,” “blaze,” and “furnace.” People were assi ...

including one led by Ibn Zubayr, who created a rival caliphate in Mecca that lasted from 681 to 692, when it was destroyed by Um ...

usually translated as almsgiving, asks Muslims to give as charity a percentage of their wealth attained from profit on certain k ...

flags of the United Kingdom (Britain), Switzer- land, Sweden, Denmark, and Greece, for example, have crosses on them, which link ...

flag of his country, and it remained on Iraq’s flag even after the fall of his government in 2003. The new flag of aFghanistan c ...

See also animals; arabic langUage and litera- tUre; maJnUn and layla; persian langUage and literatUre. Anna Bigelow Further read ...

their culinary practices. According to the hadith, he exemplified the ideal of moderation, expressed in a quranic admonition for ...

showed the way to a healthy life, as stories about his other teachings and deeds showed the way to salvation after death. Follow ...

are tea, fruit drinks (sharbat), and coFFee for spe- cial occasions. Cooling yogurt-based drinks are popular in tUrkey, iran, an ...