Encyclopedia of Islam

of sacrifice in islam is not the atonement of sins, as in the Old Testament; rather, what is important is Abraham’s submission t ...

Further reading: George F. Hourani, Arab Seafaring in the Indian Ocean in Ancient and Early Medieval Times (Princeton, N.J.: Pri ...

Paris and Chartres. Adelard, a 12th-century Eng- lishman from Bath who traveled through syria, palestine, Sicily, and Toledo (wh ...

tect the edges. Books were then stacked on top of each other on library shelves (which saved them from bending and warping). Pap ...

Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnia and Herzegovina is a predominantly Mus- lim country in the southern Balkan mountains. With an area ...

an expedient means of keeping control of the often restless population. During World War II, Serbians and Croats massacred Musli ...

The encyclopedia is divided into four parts: 1) mathematics, which includes essays on astronomy, geography, and Aristotle’s logi ...

taliban, who viewed the statues as idols, brought international attention to the shared geographic and cultural history of these ...

ally included under it. The use of the designation Bumiputra was part of an effort to form a new national Malaysian identity in ...

burial See cemetery; funerary rituals. burqa (also burka) From the Arabic term burqu, a burqa is a type of partial or complete f ...

120 J:AF Cairo (Arabic: al-Qahira; Misr al-Qahira; or Misr) The capital of egypt, Cairo is a global metropolis of about 16.8 mil ...

Cairo 121 J ...

the 10th century, it had developed into a thriv- ing commercial center linking the Mediterranean region and sub-Saharan Africa w ...

mosque), a large palace complex, and a street that bisected the city lengthwise from the southwest to the northeast. The city so ...

style buildings, including the first opera house built in the Middle East. Today it is where many of the embassies, internationa ...

Muslims going in large numbers for noon prayer at a mosqUe. This prayer service is typically longer than others during the week ...

See also Fatimid dynasty; imam; government, islamic; ottoman dynasty; sUnnism; Umayyad caliphate. Heather N. Keaney Further read ...

2000); Hugh Kennedy, The Armies of the Caliphs: Mili- tary Society in the Early Islamic State (New York: Rout- ledge, 2001); Don ...

camel The camel is a large humpbacked mammal with a long neck that has become the symbol of the Arab bedoUin way of life. There ...

ting his name to a document that also included provisions that would have led, if implemented, to an eventual end to the Israeli ...