Encyclopedia of Islam

and andalUsia during the seventh and eighth centuries. Arabians were also used in the sport of horse racing, and many race horse ...

Believers, especially pious men and martyrs, are promised two, 72, 500, or even thousands of hou- ris as wives when they enter p ...

the tanned skins and fabrics woven from the hair of goats, sheep, and camels as well as from palms, reeds, and grasses. Houses i ...

an open courtyard. This house became a sacred center, and Muhammad is reported to have said, “Whoever visits my house deserves m ...

(daa wa) on behalf of the Ismaili movement. The term has also been adopted as a title to honor Twelve-Imam Shii Ulama, who may b ...

adopted in 1990. The latter expressly asserted rights to edUcation, equality before the law, mar- riage, ownership of property, ...

influence on Husayn’s developing political con- sciousness, infusing him with nationalist, antico- lonialist, and antiregime sen ...

and sometimes taking gambles. The invasion resulted in a devastating loss against a 30-state coalition led by the United States. ...

When the United Nations announced its parti- tion plan for Palestine in 1947, al-Husayni, still in exile, rejected it and called ...

view Press, 2000); David Fromkin, A Peace to End All Peace: The Fall of the Ottoman Empire and the Creation of the Modern Middle ...

martyrdom of the third imam, hUsayn ibn ali (d. 680), who died on the battlefield of karbala in iraq. Historically, it began in ...

local community and the attitudes of the rulers. For example, it is estimated that in the early 19th century, the north Indian c ...

the tribes of Aws and Khazraj, from which many early Medinan converts had come. They appear to have had ulterior motives when th ...

323 J:AF ibada See five pillars. Ibadiyya The Ibadiyya sect of Islam is one of several Mus- lim Kharijite movements that declare ...

behalf of the community in order to gain entrance into paradise. A minimum force of 40 men is required before shira is permitted ...

teachings were seen as unbelievers (kafirs) and could be subdued through Jihad. Tribal leaders and ulama in Huraymila decided th ...

Ibn al-Arabi, Muhyi al-Din (Ibn Arabi) (1165–1240) prominent medieval mystic and visionary who enriched the Sufi tradition of Is ...

were construed by others, outraged literal-minded ulama such as ibn taymiyya (d. 1328) and even some leading Sufis. His main ins ...

Religion, Press, and Politics in Sadat’s Egypt.” Middle East Journal 40, no. 3 (Summer, 1986): 462–477; Ibn al-Arabi, The Bezels ...

and contemporary poets studied at his feet. He appears to have avoided close links to rulers and the perks derived therefrom. Ib ...